Feliz Navidad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feliz Navidad - Essay Example The performance consists of simple singing or chanting of religious songs and all the homes are set up as a "Nativity scene" where the home owners pose as inn keepers. The interesting part is that the procession carries candles and statues of Jesus and Mary as the re-enactors ask for lodging at three houses and only the third house lets them inside in accordance with the Christmas story. The guests then enter the chosen house and sing traditional Christmas and religious songs for the Virgin Mary which concludes into a famous piata party for the children. Of course the ever famous Piata (which originates from Italian tradition) is the main object of interest for the children at these parties .This is a clay pot decorated with paper, and is filled with hard candy, peanuts sugar cane and fruit. The children are blindfolded and take turns at hitting it with a stick until it breaks so they can all have the sweet treats inside. The traditional Christmas piata is shaped like a star and has seven peaks, which symbolizes the seven deadly sins. The stick with which it is broken is a symbol of faith and therefore the destruction of the Piata is a symbol of the destruction of these deadly sins with faith. The Mexicans also have a very unique tradition of exchanging presents at New Years Eve rather than on Christmas .This gift exchanging is known as Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass). Some families might even wait as late as the Wise Mens Day which is on January the 6th to exchange gifts because on this day the Magi brought gifts to the baby Jesus. Instead of stockings (like in the American culture) the children traditionally place their shoes near the window so the Magi can fill the shoes with gifts .The children also look forward to the Merienda, ( a tea time with hot chocolate) and La Meridenda, (an festive dinner) in celebration of this day. This is a two week national holiday for the Mexicans .The US influence is ever present as in the recent decades there has been an adaptation of Santa Claus and many other American traditions. However the strong and unique Mexican culture continues to dominate these very family oriented traditions. The Holiday festivities end on the Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) with the celebration of a late-night Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass).This is followed by a festive dinner of traditional cuisines and sweet meats. The Christmas celebration hardly ends there as on December 28, Day of the Holy Innocents there is a commemoration of King Herod's attempt to slaughter all the new born male infants including baby Jesus. The Mexicans add a comic twist to the day as they play pranks on each other just like the April fool's day. The Christmas season continues merrily into the Three Kings Day which symbolises the arrival in Bethlehem of The Wise Men bringing gifts for baby Jesus. Reyes Magos is the Mexican version of the Santa Claus and on every January the 6th the native Mexican children hope to receive toys and gifts from this mythical figure. The Mexicans with their merry culture and strong family ties make the Christmas festivities a treat for the eyes and the soul. The final Candlemas is on February the 2nd officially marking the end of

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Auditing - Essay Example Audit risk refers to anything that will prevent ABC Chartered Accountants from giving a correct and an appropriate audit report about Zebra. Inherent risk involves the risk that the operations of Zebra within the period had issues that could lead to material misstatements or errors (Collier and Agyei-Ampomah, 2010). This will include the risks that staff members and managers in Zebra can conduct certain fraudulent or wrong activities in course of the operation of the company. The obvious inherent risk involves the pressures and changes that occurred in the period. The obvious increase in the credit period which gives external entities access to funds meant for Zebra and this causes an extended lock up of capital which could lead to the significant defaults and losses to the company. There is also the risk of staff members overstating their earnings and their sales in order to gain the commissions that have been offered. Finally, the pressure to join the Australian Stock Market provides the risk for Zebra staff members to overstate the asset position in order to attain a favourable view before various investors and the Au stralian public. Control risks involve the possibility that the controls put in place by Zebras management and directors will be overridden in a way that could lead to fraud or errors in the financial statements (Pickett, 2010). This involve the risks of the EFTOS system being abused by some parties in the company to lead to fraud and error. Secondly, the risk of people overstating their sales and indulging in unethical practices plays a significant role in overriding the systems. Additionally, the management of Zebra could override the systems if they all indulge in groupthink and they all second the need to get listed to expand the firm. This could lead to major problems and issues that can involve the complete disregard for internal controls. Detection risks is the possibility of ABCs

Android Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Android Security - Research Paper Example The authors continue by stating that in fact, ICC mediation defines the core security structure and is the article’s focus, but it improves on the assurances provided by the underlying Linux system (Enck, Ongtang and McDaniel 53). The rest of the subtopic goes deep into the security enforcement element of the Android operating system, covering the mandatory access control (MAC) among other features. The next subtopic is security refinements, with a short introduction. Under this comes a discussion of public vs. private components, implicitly open components, broadcast intent permissions, content provider permissions, service hooks, protected APIs, permission protection levels, pending intents, and URI permissions (Enck, Ongtang and McDaniel 54). The final subtopic in the article is lessons in defining policy, which covers the results (experiences) the author have had after working with the Android security policy. They state that the results showed that Android security policy starts with a relatively simple easy-to-understand MAC enforcement model, but the number and subtlety of refinements make it hard for someone to discover an application’s policy by simply looking at it (Enck, Ongtang and McDaniel 56). Some refinements push policy into the application code while others add delegation, which combines discretionary controls into the otherwise typical MAC model (Enck, Ongtang and McDaniel 56). This scenario makes mustering a firm grasp on Android's security model non-trivial.

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay To begin with I would like to briefly what the dictionary defines as existentialism. A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will(merriam-webster). It is a a 20thcentury philosophical movement that places the main emphasis on the existence of humans. Existentialism calls attention to freedom of action and freedom of choice. According to this theory one is always free to act in any way he or she wills and should not consider others actions, thoughts or views in doing so. Since every person in considered to bought into the world alone and thena gain die alone they are not expected to be courteous or considerate to the people around them. Esentially we are all responsible for our own existence. However existentialism is so vague in its definition because it is viewed so differently by so many people. Not just scholars but those who study the term as well. The fathers of existentialism are said to be; Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although the phenomenological version of it begins in Heidegger,who vehemently denied being an existentialist, Sartre, and continues through Kafka and Camus. Since most existentialist thinkers never used that word to describe their philosophies,Sartre did, but purportedly rejected the term on his deathbed, you will find some differences between them However existentialism and those who live it tend to have certain characteristics according to most scholars:  ¦they are obsessed with how to live ones life and believe that philosophical and psychological inquiry can help. ¦they believe there are certain questions that everyone must deal with (if they are to take human life seriously), and that these are special existential questions. Questions such as death, the meaning of human existence, the place of God in human existence, the meaning of value, interpersonal relationship, the place of self-reflective conscious knowledge of ones self in existing. Note that the existentialists on this characterization dont pay much attention to social questions such as the politics of life and what social responsibility the society or state has. They focus almost exclusively on the individual.  ¦By and large Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesnt have an objective or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affiriming it and living it, not by talking about it.  ¦Existential choices and values are primarily demonstrated in ACT not in words.  ¦Given that one is focusing on individual existence and the existential struggles (that is, in making decisions that are meaningful in everyday life), they often find that literary characterizations rather than more abstract philosophical thinking, are the best ways to elucidate existential struggles.  ¦They tend to take freedom of the will, the human power to do or not do, as absolutely obvious. Now and again there are arguments for free will in Existentialist literature, but even in these arguments, one gets the distinct sense that the arguments are not for themselves, but for outsiders. Inside the movement, free will is axiomatic, it is intuitively obvious, it is the backdrop of all else that goes on. There are certainly exceptions to each of these things, but this is sort of a placing of the existentialist-like positions. (Corbett,1985). Existenitialism focuses on several principles , however there are three major ones; Subjectivity, Anguish, and Forlornness. Subjectivity is the first principle of Existentialism. Subjectivity means the name we are given when charges are brought up against us. This idea that we are born with a plan in mind. It is what we will make for ourselves for our future. You never know where your life is going to take you . Angusish is the feeling that Satre made reference to when we realize that we are totally reponsible for not only our own existence but all of mankind. When we speak of forlornness, a term Heidegger seemed to use often , we mean only that God does not exist and that we,ust face the consquence of that reality, that God is not responsible for our existence but we are The feeling of forlornness stems from an individuals realization that people are alone in the world, unable to rely on anything absolutely or anyone. Though these three are the major principles I I personally value the idea of authenticity that existentialism seems to focus on. It fits perfectly in modern society It allows the idea that being true to ones character, personality, and choices is required to be authentic Modern day society has created cookie cutter facades that has us all boxed into roles and classifications. Which is why most modern day philosophers tend to view traditional and academic ideologies as too abstract or remote for current society. I sometimes think its not the theories that are remote but the uppitiness of the ivory tower in its presentation that makes them seem too difficult to master. However to me its like the 2+2 theory, that the origins of philosophical thought must stem from human experience. Another answer is that the authentic attitude is very simple. It strips away the complications of people telling you how to live and what to do and who you should be. Its appealing to those surrounded or overwhelmed by the cacophony of voices in todays society, especially to young people. It is the expression of freedom in a world of constraints. Again, Sartre might have rejected some of this as being not what he meant by authenticity. But really the point is that these attitudes are popular. I think I should go back to the beginning again. What does authenticity mean? Perhaps, for the authentic person, ones moral appearance is at all times in all places and in all respects ones moral reality. The authentic person lives according to her own moral standards, does not pretend to be something she is not, does not create the apppearance of morality but in their heart be privately dissolute. This, to me, is the most appealing definition of authenticity. When it comes to defining truth, Existentialism has couple of points. To begin with, â€Å"truth† is defined by a person individual life experiences. Their reality and experiences influences their ultimate view on the world. It is considered that to view of the world is already the truth and in their world it is. This is because in Existentialism truth is something that is based on facts and not on emotions. Though, the truth can be used in a good way or bad way, so to say acting in good or bad faith. Thus, in the concept of truth it is once again pointed out that every individual has a freedom of choice. It is interesting that Existentialism considers an act to be good and something to be true if it is performed in a way that the entire human race would be represented. This seems to be enough to attest an act as a moral one. Modern existentialism seems to show up often in films. One must not confuse Existentialism and Post Modernism though. Key ideas include 1. Retaining authenticity in a mechanical, apathetic world is dejected. because autencitiy relates to a reality that simply does not exist. 2. The feelings of alienation and loneliness that come about from being unique in a world of many, and the consiciousness of death. 3. Everydayness Referemces 1. Corbett B. , 1985, What is Existentialism? Retrieved december 21,2012 from http://www2. webster. edu/~corbetre/philosophy/existentialism/whatis. html .

Lead And Manage A Team Essay Example for Free

Lead And Manage A Team Essay 1.1 -Explain the features of effective team performance The features of effective team performance is set up through positive leadership, this is something which is developed and nurtured. An effective team will work together, be focused and all the time supporting each other along the way to achieve and reach goals. For a team to be effective, each team member needs to be clear on their roles and responsibilities relating to their job. Team performance will be more effective if there is respect for the leader/manager and an understanding towards their job role and responsibility. The leader/manager should also be aware of the skills or weakness within the team and be able to provide support were necessary and also utilise their strengths. Training and support will enable staff to improve performance, develop confidence and lift spirit within the team. A leader should encourage any conflicts to be resolved through healthy, professional confrontation and willingly and openly negotiate necessary changes. Effective leaders are a bit like cheerleaders for the team, they encourage and support members who are committed and actively with their teams and engage those members who aren’t participating. 1.2 -Identify the challenges experienced by developing teams Lack of Diverse Skills and Interests: If a team consists of members with similar skills and interests, the purpose of the team may not be achieved. Consider the scope of the project before selecting team members to determine which skills and interests best serve the team. Choose team members who have a range of different skill sets and interests. Read more:  Explain the Features of Effective Team Performance Poor Communication When individuals work as part of a team, communication is a key. If a team member treats his role as an independent one, communication suffers. If the team leader doesnt communicate with the team members, the office suffers. Hold team meetings to discuss expectations. Ask team members about their successes and challenges to gauge the level of communication. Supervisions are key as they are often a good tool to set objectives and measure success. Role Confusion Even though a team works together to achieve a goal, each person needs to know his specific role within the team. Otherwise, role confusion results. When team members lack an understanding of their specific roles or choose not to follow through with their roles, the team cannot develop as a cohesive and well-functioning unit. As a branch manager it is important that i ensure that i develop specific, well-defined roles for each team member. Explain each role, in detail, to each team member to avoid confusion. Monitor team members to make sure they adhere to their assigned role. 1.3 -Identify the challenges experienced by established teams Conflict Conflict can occur in work place for all sorts of reasons, however it can often occur in established teams. Often established teams can become quite friendly and personal issues can interfere or cause problems within the working environment, it is important for me as the branch manager that these are indentified and dealt with sooner rather than later as often it can become difficult to manage if it escalates. Norming Tuckman model refers to Forming – Storming – Norming and performing, Experienced teams can often get stuck in norming which is where everything becomes stagnant and just ticks over day to day. Day to day tasks are complete but nothing above and beyond, as the branch manager its my role to get the team from this stage to performing, this can be done through regular team meetings, supervisions. 1.4 -Explain how challenges to effective team performance can be overcome Working as a part of a team can be challenging depending on different personalities and working styles, however it can be just as rewarding, tasks can get completed quicker and the working environment can be fun and enjoyable. If not managed effectively the team will not function and there are some basic things to bare in mind. Clear job roles Regular team meetings Regular supervisions/appraisals Team building days All staff are aware of what we are working towards Manage performance effectively 1.5 -Analyse how different management styles may influence outcomes of team performance There are many management styles and i believe having one particular type all the time wont work, i find myself more of a democratic which is: Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed upon by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions (from employees to leaders and vice versa). This style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills: for example, when a new ICT system needs to be put in place, and the upper management of the business is computer-illiterate. From the overall business’s point of view, job satisfaction and quality of work will improve, and participatory contributions from subordinates will be much higher. However, the decision-making process could be severely slowed down unless decision processes are streamlined. The need for consensus may avoid taking the ‘best’ decision for the business unless it is managed or limited. As stated above this does have its disadvantages as decisions can be slow and staff can become to involved in the managing of the business. Other types of management styles are: Consultative Persuasive Autocratic Chaotic Democratic is more my style but I will step into other styles should the need arise, however democratic style has its pros and cons, not all decisions can be made or involve the team and during these times conflict and anxiety may arise, it also has the potential to blur job role boundaries as staff may feel they are in a higher position than they actually are, I think its important during times staff can not be involved in decisions then other styles of management should explored, being stuck in one style can become predictive and staff may become complacent. A good style of management is also Autocratic this style of management is where the manager makes all the decisions and this can be an assertive style however it can make the staff  feel less involved in the day to day running of the business, it does have it pros – staff can feel well lead and managed with the business under control as the manager can come across confident. I think its important to move between the both styles depending on the situation, for example if you are disciplining someone the a more assertive style would be needed, where as if you are trying to reach targets or setting KPI’s then the democratic style would be more suited as you would involve the whole team and let everyone decide how the KPI’s would be achieved, staff are more likely to achieve targets if they are involved in the process. 1.6a B -Analyse methods of developing and maintaining trust / Accountability Trust develops from consistent actions that show staff you are reliable, cooperative and committed to team success. A sense of confidence in the workplace better allows employees to work together for a common goal. Trust does not always happen naturally, especially if previous actions make the employees question if you are reliable. Take stock of the current level of trust in the workplace, identifying potential roadblocks. An action plan to build positive relationships helps improve the overall work environment for all employees. Remain honest with your employees about both positive and negative aspects of the business. Expect your management team to maintain the same level of honesty with the employees. This sense of integrity makes your employees and colleagues more trusting of your actions Involve all employees in achieving company goals. Be transparent with your companys mission and goals so all employees feel they are a valuable part of obtaining those objectives. Employees who feel management values them are more likely to instil trust in those leaders Value all input from your employees. Encourage employees at all levels to share their ideas for improving the company. Listen with an open mind even if you dont ultimately choose to follow a suggestion made by an employee. Define the duties. Eighty percent of the job is specified by your job description and responsibilities. Twenty percent of your time, however, is spent helping colleagues and clients. Create an atmosphere where everyone bends over backward for the other person. A successful, trusted and well-respected team  member uses words like, absolutely or certainly when asked for help. Look for things that need to be done and do them without being asked! This is the true definition of teamwork. Be clear with prospective employees during the interview process. What are your expectations? Hold your existing employees and new hires to consistent standards, outlined in your policy manual. True teamwork demands that all employees are held to the same standards and, most importantly, do whatever is necessary to take care of the customer! Define your expectations in a workplace policy manual. A personnel policy and workplace manual should cover individual and team responsibilities. If you don’t already have one, or if you have one that needs updating, be sure it includes items such as: Job description Office and working hours Leave time Professional appearance, including body piercing, tattoos and hair color Salary Other benefits Outside employment Probationary periods Performance reviews Absenteeism Discipline Termination Be aware, however, that more important than defining your expectations: You need to be consistent in holding all employees to the same standard or else you will create an atmosphere of favouritism! Outline the time commitment and set aside adequate time for each task. It is not fair to assign or accept a responsibility and then have no time to accomplish the task. Be realistic about the timeframe, and make sure your team members are aware of the deadlines for each project they take on. Be careful to not overload your staff with too many commitments or too many interruptions. They will get discouraged and burned out. Instead, focus on delegating one task at a time, communicating the objective and timeframe clearly. Open the lines of communication by having an open-door policy. Manage by â€Å"walking around.†Ã‚  Know the concerns of your team and deal with them head on. Ignoring your staff’s concerns will NOT make them go away! Be positive in your approach and dependable in your attitude. Do not lose your temper. Instead, be reasonable and predicable. If you respond inappropriately, whether out of anger or insult, your team will remember the 10 percent of the time that you were out of control, not the 90 percent of the time that you did well! By following these steps and increasing the accountability of your office staff, you create trust and respect in the workplace. With these changes, your sense of teamwork and trust will grow, while decreasing your levels of stress and conflict 1.6 -Compare methods of addressing conflict within a team Be Aware when conflict occurs Knowing that conflict may and will occur is the first step to resolving it, especially if you know that certain team members may disagree with each other. By recognising that there will be conflict, a manager knows what to expect. Set the Ground Rules At the beginning set some ground rules in your first meeting. Be sure to address what process will be taken to address conflicts, as they are bound to rise and will need to be taken care of before they spiral out of control. Tell team members that everyones ideas are valid and that they shouldnt be dismissed, even if you do not agree with them. Learn About Destructive Conflicts Conflict becomes destructive when no resolution is in sight or the issue cannot be resolved. A psychological model for explaining destructive patterns is the persecutor-victim-rescuer triangle. The persecutor would be the bad-guy or bully in this scenario, but the rescuer is also placing him or herself in a position of superiority over the supposed victim. Stop yourself if you see yourself slipping into any of these roles and also try to recognise it in your team. Stop Conflict when it Happens Conflict should be addressed immediately before it can grow. If a discussion  grows heated during a meeting, do not wait until the next meeting to address the issue. Instead, discuss the issue while in the meeting; even if members disagree, they are still able to see each others points of view. Get the Whole Story Be sure you understand the perspectives of every person involved. Conflicts arise when there are differences of opinion, but also due to miscommunication or misunderstanding. As the manager, you should get all the information you can in regards to the conflict so that you can resolve it efficiently and effectively. Meet for Resolutions If the conflict cant be resolved during the initial meeting, set up a separate meeting with those that are having the conflicts, so that a resolution can be reached without getting the other team members involved and picking sides. Discuss Both Sides of a Perspective Even if you are inclined to agree with one side of the conflict, do not make a final judgment until each person has had their say. Ending a discussion without hearing each person out can escalate the problem. Explain the pros and cons of both ideas, so that both people can consider the opposing view. Make Compromise a Goal Compromising between parties is helpful, as it can allow for both conflicting parties the ability to use their ideas. Most times, points can be combined in order to make a better idea or solution.

Implementation Of The BIM Technology Information Technology Essay

Implementation Of The BIM Technology Information Technology Essay Around the globe, designers have started using the new technology known as BIM which is still to be used by their Indian counterparts. Their reluctance to use this technology has held them back in aspects like walkthroughs and visualizations (Autodesk, 2005). There could be two factors for the lack of use of this technology. This technology is not known by the designers or the users of the Indian AEC industry lack the skills required to use this technology. BIM services are being outsourced by the Indian development centers to places like UK, U.S and the countries in Europe in order to avoid any delays, clashes on site, cost overruns etc. The Indian talent is being made use of by the AEC firms situated in U.K, U.S and the European countries. They are getting various advantages like the talent of Indian developers and low cost production (PRLog, 2007). Complex designs and projects are being built by Indian architects. There are requirements is aspects like integration and information technology, development, simulation, communication, coordination and knowledge sharing. At present, there is no standard consistency regarding the use of the BIM technology and the process of its implementation. This lack of uniformity has been acknowledged even by the Associated General Contractors of America. A lot of software firms have tried to get the best of BIM by developing programs pertaining to several parts of the BIM although none so far have looked at it as a transformation process. This is one of the reasons that we need to build a standard and make the implementation of the BIM technology on the global scale. Significance Architecture is a well to do field in India with a vast client base (Autodesk, 2005). The systems are according to the global standards which are managed by well trained staff of skilled people. There has been rapid modernization in the form of malls, IT parks, and residential complexes in India which has led to the demand of architects. India is still a developing country and is short on infrastructure in almost every sector (Autodesk, 2005). Construction and planning is taking place in full force at present. The low wages of worker has been a factor in using alternate automated solutions. The advantage of BIM however is found in savings and better system than the competitors. The time of turnaround is less which is a huge factor to gain a competitive edge. Firms in architecture should use this technology and stay ahead with the times by keeping in sync with the technology and engineering aspect of architecture. The design of a building should follow a non deterministic method rathe r than forming a closed opinion from the start. New architectural experiments can be performed with the help of this approach to achieve tectonic perfection. Purpose The use of BIM systems in combination with simulation and analytical tools helps in building of a prototype of the building, gain information related to activities of construction and performance even before breaking ground. High value is associated with such a prototype. BIM is useful in such situations as it encourages designers to improve the quality and efficiency by avoiding less than effective practices and making use of the best available techniques. It is necessary for BIM to create a digital model which can be used to ascertain schedule, quality take offs and estimates to lessen the effort and time spent on it. This is required to achieve the optimum benefit of BIM. The project purpose is to find the difficulties in front of Indian architects with regards to the use of BIM while being aware of the principles of the Indian AEC industry to create a strategy for implementation of BIM technology. Building Information Modeling or BIM is a process of documentation which gives information related to the various phases of a project like planning, construction, design, operation and facility management. It is a documentation process providing details of construction application and operational visualization, design coordination and scheduling. The main benefit of using BIM is the aspect of visual coordination used in building systems such as MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing). It is also useful in the identification of difficulties that can be taken care of before the construction of building resulting in savings in terms of time and money (Damian, Han Yan and Peter (1)). In a report by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, it was reported (NIST, 2004 (2)) regarding the lack of necessary interoperability that burdens the U.S facilities by around 15.8 billion dollars every year. The BIM technology application has thus far not been used in India but has the chance to use it on a large scale. Introduction Architectural Documentation of Structures BIM has enabled maturity of the Architectural Documentation. A properly maintained documentation using a system can be dated back to the Renaissance in the presentation of the plans for Santa Maria del Fiore by Fillippo Brunelleschi in Italy. The patron was made to understand the design of the building by means of drawings. Architectural Documentation has become more modern in its usage over the years. A data model can be created from the design process to the conceptual and operational phase with the computer aided software. A summary of the evolution of the Architectural Documentation ahs been mentioned in the following text. First phase- Early 1980s: The design documents before the year 1980 were made with the help of lines that would represent the building. The documents would be of the pattern of plan, elevation and section that acted as the base to show the picture of the building to be created. Second phase- At the start of the twenty first century: Building that are constructed nowadays are complex in nature than ever before. The drawings of the building are worked upon by a large number of people. There is a phenomenal increase in the number of buildings which can be owed to the technological advances. Buildings are constructed keeping in mind HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) and energy necessities. Computer technology helps in greatly reducing errors but one has to remember that the collections in the end are created manually in the form of text and lines. BIM Concept There is a change in the expectation and process taking place in the Indian construction field in lieu of the economic ups and downs and the architects have stepped up to the plate. There has been a change in the working of the more common 2D based practice related to economic, functional and energy. A single database can be used to share the disciplines in a project. Structure, architecture, electrical, mechanical, construction ad infrastructures are bind together and the coordination between all these factors is a tough task. Energy analysis can take place along with the design phase. The costs of construction have become predictable. With BIM, it is possible to use a parametric 3D model to generate automatically building documents like sections, plans, details, elevations and schedule. BIM supported software produces drawings that are in correlation with representation of the model. If there are any changes made in the project, they are coordinated in the rest of the project autom atically. This is a big advantage as there is lesser risk of coordination issues and helps in improving the quality of work on the whole. Various modeling software packages are known that can be used in the application of conceptual level models although they do not possess the capability of documenting a design for construction of a building. CAD and BIM The basic difference in Computer Aided Design or CAD and BIM is that CAD is a 2D document that is created separately and does not relate in any way to the other documents created separately. A wall is represented by two lines in CAD. A wall is created as an interactive tool in BIM that has its specifications like height, width, bearing and nonbearing principle, interior or exterior, fire rating, demolished or new and materials such as bricks and boards. All the information is assembled by the BIM platform into one single location and then goes on to cross link the data among its related objects. Linkage is not seen between the data that is developed by CAD. Comparative efficiency between BIM and CAD is seen in Table 1. In case of BIM, there are three types of information which is related to the model. Object based geometry- For instance; in BIM a window is an object with qualities similar to a real window rather than just being a collection of lines, points and surfaces. The wall receives a window when the window is placed in the wall by means of adjusting the geometry to fit the placement of the window. The wall allows the window o be placed in locations that are pre defined by the parameters that have been programmed for it. Parametric integrity is yet another feature of BIM geometry which relates to the connection between elements which are maintained consistently even when the model is being manipulated. For instance, suppose a window was programmed to a distance of four feet from a door and there is movement in the position of the window then the window automatically moves itself in order to maintain the distance of four feet from the door. The second form of information related to the BIM model is the non graphical information. It defines the structure and function of the model and any properties that are related to it like fire rating, cost, reflectivity, materials content and conductivity. There is a big list of these properties which is limited only by the information that is required the computation power required to process it. Linked information is the third form of information which is associated but not contained in the model directly. Gantt charts and fabricatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shop drawings used in scheduling and construction are two such examples of this form of information. A common incorrect assumption is that CAD relates to 2D design whereas BIM relates to 3D design. CAD technology can also be used for 3D designs. The main concern for any BIM service is whether the model that has been created is computable or not. Information regarding the model can be easily understood according too the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purpose if the model is computable. For example, a 3D model wall that looks good will not be understood by the computer as a wall. The wall cannot insert a window in it and cannot be viewed as a wall created by raw materials. Another aspect of BIM is the Virtual Design and Construction or VDC. According to CIFE, VDC is defined as the use of multidisciplinary performance models of design construction projects. CIFE acknowledges BIM as a tool useful to support product design that is a part of VDC which highlights the organization, product and design construction operation team processes. It is said by some that BIM is more than design software and can be viewed as a module that involves the whole project team. Irrespective of the definition of BIM, the success in implementation of VDC or BIM lies in the coordination throughout all the project teams which is talked about in later parts of the paper. 1.2 Big BIM vendors There are many high roller vendors in the BIM technology market. REVIT is the creation of Autodesk that is directed towards the collection of all the building elements in a single database which helps in providing the users to see results of design modification quickly and enable them to identify interference issues. Bentley Systems makes use of another approach that produces a family of the application modules that relate to each other easily. The modules include Bentley Structural, Bentley architecture, Bentley Building Electrical Systems and Bentley Building Mechanical Systems. Graphisoft is another big name that was purchased by a German firm by the name of Nemetschek in the year 2006. The approach of their BIM is to make a virtual building model to support their main product ArchiCAD that would associate itself with other applications. At last, there is CATIA which was developed by Dassault Systemes that was created for the aerospace industry. It has been adapted by Gehry Technologies to use it in the AEC industry. 1.3 Contribution Building owners and developers lay the most emphasis on information modeling as said by publications related to BIM. A definitive framework to show the value in the life cycle of the creation of the building is missing. For instance, The Contractors Guide to BIM which is established by The Associated General Contractors of America is an informative and precise document with the focus being on BIM from the point of view of a contractor. Similarly, publications floated by fabrication or design related organizations show the perspective of their companies. It is clear from the above two statements that the content of the information on BIM is in favor of the organization who writes it which is more often than This paper is from the point of view of developers and owners who are the most important factor in the construction industry as these entities are responsible for the expense related to the creation of a building. 2 Methodologies Published information was used for the majority of data provided in this paper that contains the following- Journal and magazine articles Publications related to trade organizations Marketing publications and white papers by software vendors Presentation of practitioners Academic papers Case studies Surveys Architects, developers and researchers were interviewed like, Sera Architects and Gerding Edlen Development, LLC which are both outside of Portland., Oregon. The selection of the firms was based on their prior experience with valid developments and implementations of BIM. Researchers like John Kunz and Martin Fischer from Stanford University and Professor Chuck Eastman from Georgia Tech were interviewed. Selection of individuals was based on their expertise with BIM related techniques and architectural computing. The main criterion was to find out the reliability of the data with regards to the completion or near completion of the project. Case data from a yet to be started project has not been included since this paper is from the perspective of the developer. Statements from online publications, articles and interviews were not entirely in specification with the project and hence the same criterion was not used as the statements may refer to multiple project experiences. The different forms of data found in this paper ranges from quantitative data to qualitative opinions about time, cost and efficiency. Quantitative information on the performance of the project was taken into account to gauge the level of effectiveness of a particular modeling implementation or modeling. BIM technology is a fairly new concept and practitioners wanted to see proof of the value of the BIM implementation to a project before investing resources and time. The information from real projects shows this proof and the errors and lessons that have been learned from previous mistakes. The major portion if the quantified information seen in this paper is taken from development projects of major size like office and residential towers, schools, hotels and event centers. The bias in data is mainly due to lack of information on the use of BIM in small scale projects. There is a degree of uncertainty if the lack of information is the reason behind the application of BIM in small scale projects or whether the information related to small projects using BIM is not being published. Additional information on the small projects using BIM would further enhance the argument on the benefits of BIM. 2 Questionnaires 2.1 Objectives and sample This questionnaire has got two major objectives. The first is to survey and find the ratio of AEC companies in the U.S, U.K and other nations that use BIM. The next objective is to determine the benefits these companies enjoy from this technology. The AEC industry academics and practitioners were sent the questionnaire to fill up. Analysis was the focus for the two countries of U.K and U.S. U.S is clearly ahead of the rest in the development of the BIM technology. The companies in U.K have spent a lot of time to carry out research on this technology. Some of the companies are leaning towards this technology. Academics who participated in the research of BIM also took part in the questionnaire. Poverty Issue in Pakistan There are several facets to poverty in the country of Pakistan. The people suffering from poverty in Pakistan are secluded from basic amenities like clean drinking water, education, proper sanitation and health. This discourages them and their abilities while limiting their opportunities to get a safe and secure employment. This tends to the poor being secluded from society and exposes them to a sad affair of states. This problem only worsens as the government does not make any policies and plans for the betterment of these people and help them in the long run. The depth and extent of the poverty calculated from different ways based on different definitions and indices used but there is a general consensus regarding the shocking state of the people suffering from poverty. It has been agreed upon by all that the fight against poverty seen in the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has died down entirely. IF anything, the extent of poverty has only increased at the turn of the next decade as there was no per capita growth in GDP. The government in Pakistan on the basis of the information available regarding the current situation of the people living in poverty has agree with the IPRSP with respect to the trends in the prevalence of poverty. During this period, the Planning Division has enforced an official poverty line that is based on the norm of 2350 calories per adult per day. Strategy of poverty reduction The poverty reduction strategy has basically been put in place to help the needy who have long been suppressed by the conditions brought on to them on account of poverty. Those living under the poverty line in Pakistan have to face a lot of hardships on a daily basis and it is of essence to provide them with some facilities in order to improve their standard of living both socially and economically. The poverty reduction scheme of the Pakistan government is based on the following principles: Increasing the economic growth and keeping the macroeconomic condition stable. Human capital investment Expansion of social safety nets Bettering the governance The major steps and policies brought into effect by the Pakistan government are the following: Financial sector Reforms and Monetary Policy Market based indirect instruments are used to conduct the monetary policy in Pakistan. The free float exchange rate prevalent from July 2000 has meant that the monetary policy has a huge impact on the exchange rate, surpluses, rising current account and the liquidity as a result seen in the inter bank foreign exchange market, pressure exerted on the U.S$ and Rupee parity by H1-FY03. The state Bank of Pakistan has kept intact the cautious policy standpoint and mopped up the major portion of the excess liquidity from the inter bank market witch enabled the rupee to increase in value. The value of the rupee increased by just 3.1% throughout the period. The monetary standpoint adopted is unlikely to change if there is no shift in the inflation overview. There has been a drop in the average lending rates from fourteen percent in the NOV. 2001. To more than ten billion dollars in the recent time and the return from the National Savings Scheme instruments have decreased. The major parts of financial sector reforms are: Measures include elimination credit controls, interest rates and lower cash reserve ratio, development of financial market that include treasury bill market, inter bank market, increased competition, capital markets, high competition in between banks, foreign firms and privatization of financial institutions, strengthening prudential supervision and regulation, enforcement of anti money laundering law in FY04 made for establishment of Financial Intelligence Unit. The strategy for reducing strategy keeps in mind the social, economic and governance. The aim is to improve development that should be proportional to every citizen that includes the unemployed, poor, illiterate, ill health, poor sanitation and housing and unclean drinking water. The main objectives of the policy are: Providing the essential productive assets to those who are poor. Providing a safety net to take care of the very poor. Enhancing the capability of people with the help of human development programs. Providing the necessary resources to finance the programs made for reducing the poverty. Strengthening and reforming the institutions to deliver the public services in a better manner. Micro finance- The concept of micro credit has become a very helpful tool to enabling the poor in increasing their income. Reducing their vulnerability to shocks and building small businesses. Microfinance can be applied to more aspects like savings, credit and insurance as part of the broader services. This concept has many institutions like the First Microfinance bank, Kashf Foundation, First Women Bank and SME Bank. The disbursements and the beneficiaries of the microfinance can be seen in Table 10.1 for the period of 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and the target for 2010-2011. The State Bank of Pakistan has been very helpful in the encouragement that they have provided to Development Financial Institutions and banks to work towards the funding of Microfinance Institutions, NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Microfinance Banks in order to achieve the targeted outreach. TO further enhance the passage of funds to the field of microfinance, The State Bank of Pakistan has developed a Microfinance Credit Guarantee Facility or MCFG which helps in easing the constraints on credit. This is viewed as an incentive by the microfinance institutions and ultimately helps the general public in their fight against poverty and to get a new lease of life in the right direction. In accordance with the MCFG facility, The State Bank of Pakistan provides a guarantee cover to a percentage of forty on the principal amount in the scenario of a partial Guarantee and to a percent of twenty five in the scenario of First Loss Default Guarantee on the facility of credit being extended to the qu alifying borrowing institution by the lending institution. The micro finance institutions that are in place currently are sure to be supported strongly by the development of service and product innovations and also the enhancement to the access of credit for women Microfinance services are set for a considerable amount of expansion that will be seen both horizontally and vertically which will help in the long run for the strengthening of the framework for the financial services being provided from the legal point of view.

Carl Gustav Jung Essay -- essays research papers

Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. The issues that he dealt with arose from his personal experiences. For many years Jung felt as if he had two separate personalities. One introverted while the other was extroverted. This interplay results in his study of integration and wholeness. His work has been influential not only in psychology, but in religion and literature as well. Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, the only son of a Protestant clergyman. At the age of four his family moved to Basel. His childhood was a lonely one. Jung observed his parents and teachers and tried to understand their behavior, especially that of his father. The elder Jung had a failing belief in religion. Jung could never understand why. There were numerous relatives on either side of his family that were clergymen. It was expected of Jung to continue in the family tradition. Jung did not decide to follow, instead choosing to attend the University of Basel from 1895-1900. Before deciding on medicine Jung studied biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology. His explorations did not stop with that, he looked at philosophy, mythology, early Christian literature as well as religion. His interest in religion could be attributed to his heritage and watching the demise of his father. After leaving Basel, Jung became an assistant physician at Burgholzli Psychiatric clinic under Eugen Bleuler. In 1902 he obtained his M.D. from the University of Zurich. His dissertation was entitled "On the Psychology and Pathology of So -Called Occult Phenomena". Through this work one of his basic concepts is outlined, the underlying wholeness of the psyche. Jung's first research was conducted in 1904. He studied word association in patients. He found groups of repressed psychic content for which he invented the now famous word "complex." This study brought him close to the work of Sigmund Freud. Jung's work confirmed many of Freud's ideas. Between 1907 and 1912 he and Freud worked very close. Many believed that Jung would continue Freud's psychoanalysis, but this did not occur. For temperamental and differences over the signific... ...rre Janet 1902 Went to London 1903 Married Emma Rauschenbach 1904 Research in Word Association 1905 Started lecturing at Zurich 1907 First meeting with Sigmund Freud 1909 Gave up work at Burgholzi 1911 Lectured in the United States with Freud 1911 Elected president of the "International Psychoanalytic Society" 1912 Publication of "Psychology of the Unconscious" 1912 Split with Freud 1913 Gave up lectureship at Zurich 1914 Resigned from the "International Psychoanalytic Society" 1920 Went to Tunis and Algiers 1921 Publication of "Psychological Types" 1924 Studied Pueblo Indians 1926 Studied the inhabitants of Mount Elgon in Kenya 1933 Professor of Psychology at the Federal Polytechnical University of Zurich 1933 Edited the "Central Journal for Psychotherapy and Related Fields" 1935 President of the Swiss Society for Practical Psychology 1937 Visited India 1939 Finished editing the "Central Journal for Psychotherapy and Related Fields" 1941 Retired from The Federal Polytechnical University of Zurich 1943 Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of Basel 1961 Died in Kusnacht, on Lake Zurich