BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 5 CBT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 5 CBT) - Essay Example The web address is http://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-management-topic-overview. The article has been reviewed by specialists in the field. The article was last updated in April, 2007. The page provides accurate information with limited advertising. References list has been provided. The article is updated regularly and all the links are functioning properly. The page can be viewed without any restrictions and conditions. Based on these aspects, I recommended this site to my friend. Following is some useful information I gathered from the webpage. Stress has some adverse effects on health. These effects have been elaborated in the webpage. Symptoms of stress include increased heart rate, increased breathing, headache, stiff neck, tight shoulders, back pain, increased sweating, nausea and diarrhea. Prolonged stress can affect various organs in the body. It suppresses the immune system and triggers infections. Stress has been linked to high blood pressure, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart attack and heart failure. It can worsen symptoms in gastro-esophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acne and psoriasis. Stress is also linked to erectile dysfunction, low fertility, pregnancy-related problems and painful menstruation (Curtis, 2009). There are mainly 3 types of stress coping strategies. These are cognitive or reframing strategies, action-based strategies and emotion- based strategies. The cognitive strategies which help an individual cope stress are re-framing the situation are laughing it out and deliberate positive reinterpretation. Action-based strategies recommend involvement of problem-solving skills and solution of the problem by systematic approach. Emotion-based strategies are the most commonly recommended strategies to deal with stress. These strategies

Bio Lab Essay Example for Free

Bio Lab Essay What is the basic structural feature that distinguishes plants and animal cells from bacteria? Unlike bacteria cells, plants and animal cells contain a nucleus. 2. In what way do blood cells resemble unicellular organisms? Blood cells resemble unicellular organisms in their function. 3. Why are blood cells considered a tissue? Blood cells are considered a tissue because they contain red and white blood cells. All tissues are made up of cells. 4. Can mature erythrocytes be classified as cells? Why or why not? Mature erythrocytes cannot be classified as cells because they lack a nucleus a few organelles. 5. What is the general shape of a typical plant cell? A typical plant cell is shaped like a rectangle. 6. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea similar? The cells of onion epidermis and Elodea are similar because they all have a cell membrane and a cytoplasm. Also, their cells are single-layered. 7. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea different? Unlike the cells of onion epidermis, the cells of Elodea contain chloroplasts that are used for photosynthesis. . What characteristics can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant? The observable characteristics that can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant: rectangular shaped cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts. 9. Inside the mouth, the epithelial cells are joined together in a sheet. Why are they scattered on the microscope slide? Do not over think this question! Epithelial cells are scattered on the microscope slide because they are exposed to oxygen. 1 0. How many different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide? Three different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. 11. How are the blood cells similar to the epithelial cells? Blood cells are similar to the epithelial cells because they all contain a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane. Only red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 12. How are the blood cells different from the epithelial cells? Blood cells are different from the epithelial cells because they not all blood cells contain a nucleus. For example, red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 3. In what ways are animal and plant cells structurally similar? The observable ways animal and plant cells are structurally similar: plasma membranes and cytoplasm. 14. In what   ways are animal and plant cells structurally different? Plant cells are structurally different then animal cells because they contain a cell wall, chloroplast, and a central vacuole. 15. Onions are classified as green plants. Where in the onion plant are the green cells located? Green cells are located at the root of onion plants.

Different Alternatives To Imprisonment Criminology Essay

Different Alternatives To Imprisonment Criminology Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Alternatives to imprisonment are a new approach globally in corrections. Following the World War II, penal authorities began to doubt the wisdom of keeping the prison alone as the primary correctional strategies. According to Todd, Clear Braga, (Todd, 1995, p. 80) provides that community-Based Correctional approaches grow in become common for second and third time criminals to receive sentences of probation with certain conditions established by the court and where the same felons is on the community service programs. The focus here is on alternatives to imprisonment by looking it through internationally accepted standards. The authors of this paper will focus on the following alternatives to imprisonment: community service, periodical imprisonment, correctional supervision, house arrest/ electronic monitoring and day-parole. 2. DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT 2.1 Community Service Community Service is an alternative the court may use when it has decided that a persons offence is serious and that he/she is suitable for making compensation by productive unpaid work in the community. Community Service should be physically and emotionally demanding of the offender in that it is a restriction of freedom, involves self-discipline and a respect for others and should engage the offender in tasks or situations that challenge his/her attitude, experience and ability. Community service can therefore be a positive way of making an offender compensate for offences and it can encourage personal growth and self-respect. It shows the offender that the community is affected by criminality and the community can see that offenders can make a constructive rather than destructive contribution to the community. (ZNCCS Service, 1997, p. 4) Legal framework for alternative non-custodial sanctions is highlighted in international guidelines and national legislation as provided by Bukurura (Bukurura, 2003, p. 82). On international level it is provided for in the United Nations Standards Minimum Rules for non-custodial measures (Nations, 1990). In the United States of America for instance, community-based sanctions are crucial of the United States criminal justice system. Professionals have constantly demonstrated their willingness to adopt evidence based practice. According to (Melvor, 2004) who described community service in Belgium, Netherlands, Scotland and Spain in co-operate perspective by stating that, current criminological research is particularly interested to know if they are not witnessing a punitive turn which seems to western democracies today than few decades ago. The new punitive literature and study on the culture of control have fuelled an ongoing debate and research on this question. Community service order was for the benefit of the community as it was introduced in Spanish legislation with the 1995 criminal code of that country. The Uganda Correctional Service also introduced the Uganda Community Service Bill, 1998, with its main objectives to provide community service for persons who commit minor offences, in order to reduce overcrowding in Prisons, to rehabilitate prisoners in the communities by doing productive work and to prevent minor offenders mixing with hard core criminals. The bill further seeks to empower a court which convicts a person of a minor offence, to direct the offender, with consent of the offender to perform community service as an alternative to imprisonment. (Service, 1998, p. 1) The first initiatives in the Community Service Orders started with National sensitization seminar that was held in 2002 and attended by Regional Governors, line Ministries, Home Affairs, and Justice, Prisons and Correctional Service and heads of Criminal Justice System. (Coordinator, Consultative Visit Report, 2002, p. 1) The proposed Bill on Community Service Orders in Namibia introduces various provisions that may facilitate the implementation of Community Service Orders in the country. It is important to note that from sentencing point of view, Community Service Orders is an option employed in appropriate cases to keep an offender out of prison. Accordingly a relationship exists between the imprisonment that might have been imposed and the Community Service Order that is to be served instead. (Coordinator, Namibia Community Service Orders, Manual, 2005, p. 5) 2.2 Periodical Imprisonment The court can direct an offender to stay in Prison on weekends or at night between 18h00 and 06h00. A sentence of periodic imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment during which the committed person may be released for periods of time during the day or night or for periods of days, or both, or if convicted of a felony, other than first degree murder, a Class X or Class 1 felony, committed to any county, municipal, or regional correctional or detention institution or facility in this State for such periods of time as the court may direct. Unless the court orders otherwise, the particular times and conditions of release shall be determined by the Department of Corrections, the sheriff, or the Superintendent of the house of corrections, who is administering the program. (b) A sentence of periodic imprisonment may be imposed to permit the defendant to: (1) Seek employment (2) Work (3) Conduct a business or other self-employed (4) Attend to family needs (5) Attend an educational institution With regards to periodical imprisonment, the Namibian Correctional System is line with abovementioned definition. 2.3 Correctional Supervision It is a sentence which is served within the community and not in the Prison. A person who is serving a sentence of Correctional supervision is known as a probationer. The aim of Correctional supervision is to provide a means of rehabilitation within the community, thus preserving the important links which the offender may have with his or her family or community. Correctional supervision allows, or encourages the offender to be employed. While imprisonment results in a loss of employment and the offenders failure to support his or her dependants and result in additional costs for the State. Since offenders are in the community, they are able to make decisions and take responsibility for their life. Offenders are also encouraged to take steps towards correcting their criminal behaviour through participation in rehabilitative programmes. A person sentenced to correctional supervision remains under the supervision and control of the Department of Correctional Services until the sentence expires. Supervision takes the form of direct monitoring of the offenders movements and compliance with the sentences conditions, as well as regular support sessions with social workers. Conditions of the sentence may include a period of house arrest; the requirement that the person be home between specified hours of the day; that he or she attends a treatment programme; self-restraint from alcohol or drugs; prohibition from leaving a magisterial district; or a certain number of hours of community service. Any or all of these conditions may be imposed. (Dissel, 1997, p. 4) Diversion is endorsed by Section 6 of the Criminal Procedure Act, and can be used where the offence committed is relatively minor. (Justice, 1977, p. 76). When the offender has admitted responsibility for the offence, the prosecutor can suspend the prosecution of the case upon fulfillment of certain conditions. This is usually on the condition that the offender attends a particular treatment programme. Charges are withdrawn after the conditions have been fulfilled. The Namibian legislation makes provision in the Prisons Act 17 of 1998 (Gazzette, 1998, p. 83) Section 96 and 97 that inmates be release on parole or probation on conditions as may be determined by the Zonal Release Board. 2.4 House arrest/electronic monitoring Home detention can be seen as an alternative to imprisonment and aims to reduce re-offending while also coping with increasing prison numbers and rising costs. It allows suitable offenders to retain or seek employment, maintain family relationships and responsibilities and attend rehabilitative programs that contribute towards addressing the causes of their offending. The terms of house arrest can differ, but offenders are rarely confined to their houses 24 hours a day. Most programs allow employed offenders to continue to work, and only confine them during non-working hours. They can leave their homes for specific, predetermined purposes; for example visits to the probation officer or police station, religious exceptions and medical appointments. (Spohn, 2008, p. 52). Many programmes also allow the offender to leave the home during regular, pre-approved times in order to carry out general household tasks such as shopping, church services, performing Community Services or attending authorised activities. (Stinchcomb, 2005, p. 99) House arrest in some countries such as Canada and New Zealand is often enforced through the use of technology products or services. An electronic sensor is sometimes locked to the offenders ankle known as an ankle monitor. A small portable monitoring unit that pick-up radio signals generated by offenders ankle or arm bracelet which is linked to a central computer system provides verification of an offenders whereabouts. (Champion, 2008) The electronic sensor transmits a GPS signal to a base handset. The base handset is connected to police or a monitoring service. If the offender with the sensor moves too far from home, the violation is recorded and the right authorities are summoned. Many ankle monitors can now detect attempted removal; this is to discourage tampering. The monitoring service is often contracted out to private companies, which assign employees to electronically monitor many convicts simultaneously. If the sensors detect a violation, the monitoring service calls the convicts probation officer. The electronic surveillance together with frequent contact with their probation officer and checks by the security guards provides for a secure environment. (Collins, 1974, p. 79) Another method to ensure house arrest are the use of automated calling services that require no human contact to check on the offender. Random calls are made to the residence and the respondents answer is recorded and compared to the offenders voice pattern. Authorities are notified only if the call is not answered or if the recorded answer does not match the offenders voice pattern. (Allen, 1986, p. 36). Currently, the Namibian Criminal Justice System is not making use of house arrest/ electronic monitoring. 2.5 Day Parole It is a management mechanism preceding the parole phase to gradually assist an offender to be released into the community at his own responsibility under controlled circumstances. Day parole implies the temporary release of an offender from Prison or a Correctional institution such as a halfway house to work or study, followed by re-confinement during non- work or non-school hours. During working hours offender work for an employer and are paid for the work. (Bruyns, An overview of the Criminal Justice System and Community-Based sentences, 2011). Currently, the Namibian Criminal Justice System is not making use of day parole. FINDINGS Based on the literature review and own understanding of the subject area, the authors of this paper found that there is a great need for alternatives to imprisonment. Community Service as a community-based sentence, a pilot projects in the Northern region of the country has proved that it is a success in Namibia. The Namibian Correctional Service (NCS) have a draft Community Service Order Bill which stipulates clearly the conditions under which an offender had to perform Community Service. Political or religious groups must not benefit from the work allocated to inmates. (Bruyns, The impact of prison reform on the inmate population of swaziland, 2007, p. 60). An offender who has not committed a serious crime or developed a criminal lifestyle, in the community will be able to access community support systems to assist him in rehabilitation, with the hope of preventing his re-offending. The findings also have it on good authority that the rationale for community-based sentences is to keep offenders out of the Prison, and rather send them to serve their sentences in the community. This simply means that offenders remain in their communities to perform productive work in order to support themselves and their families, in other words the alternatives to imprisonment were found to be promoting family cohesion. Through serving their sentences in the community the offenders also repay victims (retribution) for losses suffered. With regards to the effectiveness of community-based sentences, the advantages and disadvantages were also thoroughly scrutinised and it is found that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Alternatives to imprisonment were found to be the process of reducing prison population (overcrowding). Overcrowding is found to be a general situation in Prisons when the total number of inmates in prison is beyond the authorised holding capacity. In order t o address this ever increasing problem within our Correctional facilities the authors of this paper found that alternatives to imprisonment is a suitable answer to overcrowding. Alternatives to imprisonment is also found to be promoting community development through utilisation of skills possessed by the offenders other than locking them up in prisons. A good example is, when a professional such as a Medical doctor is sentence to an alternative to imprisonment the skills possessed by that particular Medical doctor can be utilised to the great benefit of the community, rather than locking him/her up in Prison, which will serve no purpose. Community based sentences in comparison with imprisonment was found to be much cheaper. This finding is evident from the fact that offenders incarcerated have to be provided with food, bedding, clothing, water and electricity and so forth through government expenditure. On the other hand the offenders serving community-based sentence remains in the community and is responsible for his needs. Community-based sentence is furthermore found to have positive impact on recidivism in a sense that offenders are given chance to remain and serve their sentence in the community. In other words their chances of reoffending are very slim contrary to those incarcerated, while offenders who are imprisoned are mixing with hard core criminals and the programme officers do not have enough time complete rehabilitation programmes, especially when they serving short term imprisonment. 4. CONCLUSION It is evident from the findings that alternative sentences outweigh imprisonment in terms of maintaining offenders dignity, reducing of prison population (overcrowding), promoting community development through utilisation of skills possessed by the offender other than locking them up in prisons, saving government expenditure and promoting family cohesion, and reduction of recidivism. Apart from serving all abovementioned good purposes, alternatives sentences also served as a way of avoiding mixing of the first offenders with hardcore criminals in the prisons. The offenders who are serving alternative sentences will perform positive unpaid work within their areas of home and do the kind of reparation to the community rather than ending up in Prisons. Imagine, locking up offender who committed minor offence such as shoplifting together with hard core murderer or rapist would result in that offenders become more criminal than rehabilitated. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS Against this backdrop, it is strongly recommended that alternative sentences to imprisonment such as community service, periodical imprisonment, correctional supervision, house arrest/ electronic monitoring and day-parole be considered by Correctional Services, particularly, Namibian Correctional Service. After studying the pros and cons of alternatives to imprisonment, this type of sentencing is just one of the positive ways of dealing with offenders. Against this background the authors of this paper strongly recommends these other alternatives as follows: The Court sentence offenders with minor offences to alternative as such community service, periodical imprisonment, correctional supervision, house arrest/ electronic monitoring and day-parole. This type of alternatives aims to achieve and involve the reintegration of the offender as law-abiding citizens back into the community by; enforcing unpaid work, ensuring reparation to the community, reduce a risk of recidivism or repeat offending, increased chance of rehabilitating the offender to acceptable social standards. Secondly, periodical imprisonment is recommended to be used as alternative to imprisonment as it promotes community development through utilisation of skills possessed by the offenders other than locking them up in prisons. Thirdly correctional supervision is recommend by the authors as alternative to imprisonment based on the reasoning that this type of alternative aims to provide a means of rehabilitation within the community, thus maintaining the important links which the offender may have with his or her family or community. Furthermore correctional supervision allows, or encourages the offender to be employed. Correctional supervision as an alternative to imprisonment ensure that the offender remain employed and thus able to support his or her dependents and do not result in additional costs for the State. Since offenders are in the community, they are able to make decisions and take responsibility for their life. Offenders are also encouraged to take steps towards correcting their criminal behaviour through participation in rehabilitative programmes. Fourthly, house arrest/ electronic monitoring is recommended not to be a viable alternative to imprisonment in Namibia as this may not be in concurrence with the Constitutional provisions such as respect of human dignity and freedom of movement provided for in articles 8 and 21 respectively of the Namibian Constitution. (Government N. , 2010) page number. Lastly day parole is strongly recommended by the authors as a viable alternative to imprisonment since it gradually assist an offender to be released into the community at his own responsibility under controlled circumstances. Day parole implies the temporary release of an offender from Prison or a Correctional institution such as a halfway house to work or study, followed by re-confinement during non- work or non-school hours. During working hours offender work for an employer and are paid.

Background and history of intelligence testing

Background and history of intelligence testing The first intelligence test to be administered was in France in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon. The purpose of the first intelligence test was to identify mentally deficient children in French public Schools (Franklin 2007). Henry Goddard followed and, translated the intelligence test in 1910, and administered it to what he believed were four hundred children who lacked intellectuality and following year the number of students increased to two thousand white children considered normal. (Franklin 2007). In 1911 Goddard was to produce a range of scores that was to be compared to urban, native born foreign born, and others. Suggesting that children cannot learn beyond the scope of their grade of intelligence and was the first to suggest that intelligence tests measured the how much a child was capable of learning at a chronological age (Franklin 2007). Since these tests, an array of intelligence test has been administered to people in attempts to measure a person cognitive abi lity. Assessing students abilities through intelligence testing has questioned of the appropriateness of psychometric measures in regards to reliability and validity. Reliability regarding relies on consistency. For a test to be able to show consistency, error variance must be minimized. Test construction, test administration and test scoring and interpretation are the main three areas of error variance that can affect reliability (Cohen and Swerdilk 2010). It was argued , Simon Binets test needed to be revised in 1937 because the test originally administered in 1917 showed tasks not always as well chosen s those for ages from six to twelve and that upon retesting black students social scientist had shown that black students had received a higher intelligence score(Franklin 2007) . Regarding validity, in the early 1920s black social scientists debated what intelligence testing was measuring. Validity should be psychometrically sound to avoid test bias. Howard Longs research shows the Armys Alpha and Beta test yielded results that were greater in variation of individuals and groups within races than between races (Franklin 2007). Bond a director of Education at Langston University in Oklahoma also agreed explaining that the army intelligence score were a reflection of social and environmental impacts rather than innate intellectual abilities of those tested (Franklin 2007). The Brisbane Catholic Education, concentrated on refugees that seemed to be misrepresented as having an intellectual disability. The argument is that the validity of standardized cognitive tests is not able to measure peoples intelligence from a different background and implying that psychometric instruments had not yet been developed in their country (Fraine and Mcdade). Tests that were stan dardized to certain background schooling experience, level and quality of education and conceptions of behavior test taking experience would affect certain groups if taken the intelligence test(Fraine and Mcdade). There has been problem in intelligence testing and psychometric properties in relation to non- linguistics intelligence testing. In a study results show that although the Ravens Progressive Matrices is supposed to be a culture fair IQ test people from English speaking backgrounds did much better scoring 96.71 that people from Zimbabwean sample that scored 72.36 (Shuttleworth-Edwards, Kemp, Rust, Muirhead, Hartman, and Radloff 2004). Fairness is also a concern when a person takes an intelligence test. Controlling reliability and validity of a intelligence test shows a sound measurement, fairness aims at explaining the test and if it is used in a justifiable way. African refugees have been described as intellectually disable upon Australian schools. The Brisbane Catholic Education in Australia believes refugees from African backgrounds are labeled intellectually disabled upon completing intelligence test and other assessment of consideration such language barriers, culture difference acculturation trauma and previous experiences make it harder for psychologists to assess whether an African American is genuinely intellectually disabled(Fraine and Mcdade). Similar findings displayed that social conditions and low-test scores were highly correlated when measuring mental ability (Franklin 2007). When testing non -linguistic most children scored in the normal range, however these children were black and placed in a sch ool that separated white children from black children (Franklin 2007). The aim of this study is to check for sound psychometric measurements and culture bias when comparing different groups and the intelligence test taken. It is hypothesized that The PSYGAT will show good internal consistency and validity when tested against the Queendom Verbal. It is hypothesizes that the PSYGAT will show low when tested against the culture fair test. The Queendom tests are a verbal and a culture fair IQ test that are believed to have psychometric properties. The PSYGAT is a intelligence verbal test that was created by third year undergraduate psychology students. The PSYGAT was correlated well with the ACER AL a test that was designed by the Australian Council for Education for testing verbal abilities. Method Participants The sample consisted of three hundred and thirty seven undergraduate psychology students recruited from Monash University. Participants were recruited from campuses located at Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa, Clayton, and Caulfield. Participants were split into English speaking background and non-English speaking backgrounds. There were two hundred and sixty females and sixty-eight males. Two hundred and forty four participants were from an English Speaking background and ninety-three participants were from a Non English Speaking background. Materials Participants engaged in taking three intelligence tests. The tests were to be taken in their own time under no supervision. Participants used the computer to complete the three intelligence tests. Just before beginning the PSYGAT intelligence test a questionnaire asked the participants of the sex age and whether they were from an English or non- English speaking background. All participants results would be analyzed at a later stage regarding item analysis. Procedure Undergraduate monash psychology students were asked to complete three intelligence tests that would be administered via computer. Firstly, every participant found access to a computer to participate in the first intelligence test. The first test that was taken was the Queendom Verbal IQ test. Participants attempted the three tests it in their own time and were told that the test should take them approximately 30-35 minutes to complete. After Participants finished the test, they were asked to make sure to keep a track of their score, as they needed the results for later purposes. The second test was the Queendom Culture Fair IQ test. The test involved answering 20 items that participants were told there was no time limits on this test. After completion of this test, participants kept a record of their score. The third test was the PSYGAT. The PSYGAT was a verbal test constructed by third year undergraduate students. Participants were also asked to complete this test as the third and l ast test. Before beginning, the test participants were asked to enter the scores of the Queendom verbal and Queendom culture fair IQ test before continuing to be tested on the PSYGAT verbal IQ test. The test also asked participants of their age and gender and if they were of English or from a Non English background. Results Pearsons r investigated the relationship between the PSYGAT test, Queendom verbal IQ and the Queendom culture fair IQ for English and non-English speaking backgrounds. Pearsons r showed that that there was a significant result according to the relationship of the PSYGAT and Queendom verbal in both the English speaking background group ,r=.433,n=244,p0.05 but a small significant relationship between the PSYGAT and the Queendom culture fair for the non English speaking background group , r=.238,n 93,p0.05. Z scores were also used to determine if there was a significant difference in validity coefficients between the two groups regarding the PSYGAT and Queendom verbal and the PSYGAT and culture fair IQ. Pearsons r-values were transformed into Z scores to determine a statistical significance of the correlations between groups. Pearsons r-values were also transformed into z scores because of participant difference for each group. Results show that there was not a statistical significant d ifference in validity coefficients between the English and non English speaking background of the correlation between the PSYGAT and the Queendom verbal IQ z=-1.39,p>0.05. However a large statistical significance was shown in the correlation between the PSYGAT and the culture fair IQ z=3.73, p> 0.05. Discussion The aim of this study was to check for sound psychometric measurments and culture bias when comparing different groups and the intelligence test taken. It was hypothesized that the PSYGAT and the Queendom verbal would show no statistical significance in validity coefficients between the English speaking groups and non-English speaking groups. It was also hypothesized that there would be a statistical significance in validity coefficient between the PSYGAT verbal and the Queendom culture fair. The study showed that there was weak validity regarding the PSYGAT and Culture Fair IQ tests. Although there was The results of the study-undertaken reveal that intelligence tests can show bias of different groups. These biases from this study can be related to lack of understanding cultural backgrounds as well as using relevant psychometric measures, which can be linked to low validity in intelligence tests. Bonds argument that social and environmental differences in groups can affect test scores are may suggest similarities within this study in regards to the social setting and environment of participants that took the test. The Intelligence and School Achievement of Negro Children also showed that social conditions were highly correlated with low-test score (Franklin 2007). The results from this study show a significant statistical result between groups for the PSYGAT and culture fair test suggesting that social and environmental differences upon taking the test could have caused bias. In addition, The Brisbane Catholic Education argues that psychologists assessing refugees for intellectual abilities may show bias in their assessment due to lack of proper interpretation (Fraine and Mcdade). That is background-schooling experience, level and quality of education and conceptions of behavior test taking experience can reduce a test score for a certain type of group (Fraine and Mcdade). Th is Study could have affected one group more than another because of such factors. Suggestion of having psychometric instruments that can measure intelligence scores for different types of groups should also be developed in both countries to reduce bias in regards to cultural differences. In this case, Intelligence tests need to have psychometric properties that can be valid for analyzing score between different groups Cohen and Swerdilk 2010). Similar findings were found when people from English speaking background and non-English speaking backgrounds were tested on their IQ. Results show that although the Ravens Progressive Matrices is supposed to be a culture fair IQ test people from English speaking backgrounds did much better scoring 96.71 that people from Zimbabwean sample that scored 72.36 (Shuttleworth-Edwards, Kemp, Rust, Muirhead, Hartman, and Radloff 2004). Zindi also suggests that lack of westernized test sophistication may be the cause for lower scores (Shuttleworth-Edwards, Kemp, Rust, Muirhead, Hartman, and Radloff 2004). This study may have contribu ted to some cultural bias in regards to scores because of one of the test may not have been up to standards in regards to psychometric measures regarding content validity. The limitations in this study could have affected the results. Firstly, the way the three tests were administered could have yielded different intelligence scores for both the groups. Supervising the test takers making sure that the tests were taken without any aid of books or other people could change the results, which could have yielded different interpretation of the validity of the tests. In addition, although there was good internal reliability between the groups the large difference in participants could have changed the chronbachs alpha to either a higher or a lower value. Participant range could have also affected the statistical difference between the groups when assessing the PSYGAT and culture fair IQ component of the study. In addition item analyses should also be investigated to check whether the items begin tested are fair to all participants taking the intelligence test. That is one question could portray more than one meaning to different participants taking the test . Cole suggests item analyses is a difficult task because one must ensure that the item being used is relevant in construct therefore affecting bias (Cole 1989).

America Underclass Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is believed that there is a tension between social classes in America. Typically, people of lower classes choose to imitate those of higher social status. As a result, advertisers have a tendency to take advantage of this tension in order to profit from people of the lower and middle classes. In â€Å"The American Upper Class,† G. William Domhoff says that â€Å"exhibiting high social status†¦ is a way of exercising power† (Domhoff p.34),† which is something important to all social classes. According to Judi Puritz Cook, author of â€Å"Consumer Culture†¦Sales Discourse,† advertisements in print as well as in visual media seem to create â€Å"the promise of status mobility through consumption (Cook p.373).† In the article, Puritz explains how television programs on channels such as the Home Shopping Network are examples of how the media exploits the anxiety caused by social standing. It is believed that American people in the lower and middle classes have needs for status mobility. For example, when browsing through a fashion magazine, one can find numerous sections that are dedicated to creating ways to look like the featured model or actress for half the price. The intention of the article, in most cases, is to give others the impression that you are of high social status. In addition, advertisers often use people in the entertainment business to model their products so that the viewer may purchase the product. For example, when mimicking the purchases of hotel heiress, Paris Hilton one may believe, â€Å"If I buy this, I’ll look cool just like Paris Hilton!† The fact that this method is usually successful is a product of the anxiety felt by lower and middle class families. For those reasons, it is likely that Domhoff’s statement that the upper class â€Å"creates respect, envy, and deference in others,† is true. It seems that many o f America’s lower and middle class families would like to create those same feelings of respect and envy in others. When flipping through Vogue, a well-known high fashion magazine, one can see that almost all the advertisement scream wealth and status. The magazine’s beautiful models as well as its expensive brands are major characteristics of the famous magazine. Members of the middle class skim through the magazine thinking, â€Å"Wow, if only I could look like this!† In Gregory Mantsios’ article â€Å"Class in America,† he says, â€Å"We are, on occasion, presented... ...consciously imitate† (Domhoff p.166). Various advertisers use the desperate need of people of the lower and middle classes to appear â€Å"rich† as a weapon. Domhoff’s statement is an explanation of why many people choose to emulate people of high social status. According to Domhoff, showing signs of high social status is one of the many reasons that the upper class generates feelings of envy and deference in those of lower social status. This seems to be the reason for the craze involving the imitation of celebrities as well as the wealthy. It is also believed that the lower classes attempt to look as much like the people in higher classes because of the feeling of significance that comes with the expensive clothes etc. As a result, advertisers use the tension between social classes to sell the idea of luxurious style. Works Cited Cook, Judi Puritz. â€Å"Consumer Culture †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mass Communication and Society 3.4 (2000): 373-392. Domhoff, G. William. â€Å"The American Upper Class.† Great Divides: readings in social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  inequality in the United States 2nd edition (2001): 159-167. Mantsios, Gregory. â€Å"Class in America: myths and realities.† Privilege (2003) 33-47.

Climate Change is a Minor Threat Essay -- Global Warming Essays

Predicting climate change is less accurate than firing a pistol at long range. The fact is, finding a forecast of our future is just as difficult as explaining the meaning of life. I mean, how can we predict the future climate when meteorologists can’t even predict today’s weather? Scientists have only been keeping exact records of the earth’s surface temperature for only just over a hundred years.# Before accurate readings of the earth had been taken, scientists have only viewed charts and graphs of recent years. Patterns have been formed from these short-term graphs. But how can scientists be sure that their trend is true? What proof do we have anyway? The media-crazed threat of global warming has made this topic a very popular and, according to the media, a very serious global issue too. I’m not going to deny Global Warming, but I feel that as humans, we have only contributed very little to the emission of greenhouse gases, etc. Global Warming is a natural phenomenon, and should be dealt with accordingly: A coat when it’s cold, a t-shirt when it’s warm. The biggest ...

Multifunction printer Essay

Everyone would hold that instruction is a cardinal manner of life. A agency to larn something new. It’s purpose is to mentally. physically. and emotionally profit the individual by seting them in a better topographic point so they were antecedently in earlier. From the beginning of times people have relied and survived on past pedagogues. There are many people that contribute to a persons instruction. Get downing off as a immature kid most of the information retrieved comes from place through parents. and loved 1s. As they move into striplings larning is obtained from multiple people including instructors. friends. and even through their milieus. An ideal instruction promotes knowledge while integrating valuable information that can be used to assist in mundane life. â€Å"-Education is the procedure of geting cognition. † True instruction comes in many different signifiers. Granted it is of import to analyze the basic academic classs including reading. composing. arithmetic. scientific discipline. and societal surveies which all will assist put a strong foundation for the pupil. It is every bit merely as important that the pedagogue offer alternate information for the wellbeing of the pupil. Education should construct non merely on the text that lies within a book. but should besides touch base with mundane life. Short essay on the Importance of instruction Education is an of import human activity. It was born with the birth of the human race and shall go on to work every bit long as the human race lives. The importance of instruction may be summed up as under. Highlights 1. An indispensable human virtuousness. 2. A necessity for society. 3. Important for integrating of separate entities. 4. Gives significance of life. 5. Educated work forces are. superior. Aristotle 6. Sign of freedom. Epictetus 7. A controlling grace. Diogenes 8. Footing of good life. 1. An indispensable homo virtuousness Education is an indispensable human virtuousness. Man becomes ‘man’ through instruction. He is what instruction makes him. It has been justly said that without instruction. adult male is a glorious slave. concluding barbarian. 2. A necessity for society Education is necessary for society. Education manners and theoretical accounts adult male for society. Man can non be conceived simply in footings of his biological being. Education brings into concentrate the societal facet of adult male. Education signifies man’s supreme place in society. 3. Important for the integrating of separate entities An person is made up of different entities. Education brings about the integrating of these separate entities. 4. Gives significance of life Education teaches what adult male lives and struggles for. It cultivates an incorporate life. By so making. it gives significance of life. 5. Educated work forces are superior Education is a mark of high quality. Aristotle wrote. â€Å"Educated work forces are as much higher-up to uneducated as the life are to the dead. † 6. Sign of freedom Education is a mark of freedom. Epictetus had declared. â€Å"Only the educated are free. † 7. A commanding grace Diogenes felt that â€Å"Education is a commanding grace to the immature. solace to the old wealth to the hapless and ornament to the rich. † 8. Footing of good life Education is an indispensable footing of good life. A adult male becomes a human being in the existent sense when he is transformed from chiefly an carnal being into a human being. In short. instruction is an indispensable accompaniment of all human societies. â€Å"What sculpture is to a block of marble. instruction is to the soul† . says Addison. Education is an of import thing for everyone in this universe and everyone should acquire educated. From my prospective I think that instruction is non merely by traveling to school. instruction can go on by a batch of ways. When your household learn you what you should make and how to make some things that’s instruction. A batch of people are traveling to school every twenty-four hours but they are non acquiring anything or they do still non understand a batch of things. I think that instruction has to hold some regulations and ways to direct the message and the instruction that you want to direct to the people that you are educating. So how can we do certain that we are acquiring a good instruction in our life? I guess the first thing that person should make to acquire a good instruction is by taking a good school. Choosing a school that is known by its pupils that get good classs and instructors that are really professional is a good manner to do certain that you are acquiring a good instruction. A batch of states have a bad or non so good instruction system and if person is populating in a state like that and he or she wants a good instruction possibly he or she should happen another state to analyze at. A batch of people come to the US because the instruction system here is good and it’s better than a batch of states. Another manner to do certain that we get good instruction is us. I mean we should do certain that we study. make our prep and remain focused in category. If person is traveling to school but he is non analyzing or maintaining path of what is go oning in category this means that he is non acquiring any benefits or â€Å"education† . We have to develop our ain ways of analyzing and have a day-to-day agenda for prep. A batch of people are acquiring educated in this universe but a large per centum of them are non caring about the good instruction that they have when there are a batch of people that are non acquiring any instruction. We should take attention with our instruction and at the same clip we should do certain that we are acquiring a good instruction. . A Feasibility Study on Photocopying and General Merchandise is widely used in concern. instruction. and authorities. There have been anticipations that photocopiers will finally go disused as information workers continue to increase their digital papers creative activity and distribution and rely less on administering existent pieces of paper. However. photocopiers are undeniably more convenient than computing machines for the really common undertaking of making a transcript of a piece of paper. As a group we have decided to take a photocopying centre as our nature of concern for this feasibleness survey. Through out our brainstorming. certain thoughts were raised as to why we arrived to this sort of concern. Our chief ground for establishing our feasibleness survey in this sort of concern is our patronage. As pupils. we have considered our ain demands. It is inevitable for us to run off certain faculties for each of our topics. photocopy research stuffs for our assignments and other extra information for our lessons and photocopy missed lessons. We have besides considered the demands of our instructors. they besides have the demand to reproduce tests for their pupils. reproduce referees and reproduce their ain researches for their lesson programs. Chiefly. the group has considered the demand of our patronages to run off and reproduce of import paperss Preview of the essay: A Feasibility Study on Photocopying and General Merchandise In 1937 Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov found that. when placed into an electric field and exposed to visible radiation. some insulators get lasting electric polarisation in the open countries. That polarisation persists in the dark and is destroyed in visible radiation. Chester Carlson. the discoverer of run offing. was originally a patent lawyer. every bit good as a parttime research worker and discoverer. His occupation at the patent office in New York required him to do a big figure of transcripts of of import documents. Carlson. who was creaky. found this to be a painful and boring procedure. As a consequence. he was motivated to carry on experiments with photoconduction. Carlson used his kitchen for his â€Å"electrophotography† experiments. and. in 1938. he applied for a patent for the procedure. He made the first â€Å"photocopy† utilizing a Zn home base covered with S. The words â€Å"10-22-38 Astoria† were written on a microscope slide. which was placed on top of more S and under a bright visible radiation. After the slide was removed. a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his innovation to some companies. but. because the procedure was still developing †¦ †¦ operation manual of the equipment. Therefore. the demand for employees with high educational attainment is non necessary. As such. the undertaking may so promote the employed persons in gaining income to prolong the demands of their mundane life. Taxes Taxes are fiscal duty of a certain concern to the authorities. Issued licenses and licences are being paid yearly and collected by the local authorities of Alaminos City. The sum collected will so use for community enhancement plan and assorted development undertaking. The sum of authorization revenue enhancement depends on the nature of the concern. Supply of Commodities In most public offices. school or private houses. the necessity for run offing additions. The easy reproduction of of import paperss lessens the work burden. Since the concern already have long term equipment. monetary values will depend on the power ingestion and the monetary value of natural stuffs. Demand for Materials Since the undertaking operates in cardinal concern country. the demand for local stuffs will non be hard to obtain. Natural stuffs can be taken or be bought in nearby shops for stocks. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The EN6 Copy Station is named as such. because â€Å"EN6† is the class codification of Business Communication in La Conslacion University Philippines and with that ground. we named the proposed concern after the topic. As a rival in the printing industry. the proposed concern tends to be the taking copying station by supplying high quality. low-cost monetary value and speedy service to clients and by run intoing the demand and consumer satisfaction. It offers different copying services that most demand services EN6 Copy Center offer has the most demand services needed by the mark market such as Lamination. Scaning. Book Binding. and Desktop Publishing or Printing. The EN6 Copy Center is under Sole Proprietorship. owned and controlled by one person. The proposed country is accessible and strategically located in Diversion Road corner Diamond and Amethyst Street. City of Malolos. It has a measuring of â€Å"5?6† metres equivalent to 30 sqm. Selling FEASIBILITY The informations gathered from the conducted interviews and studies were analyzed and this information reveals that there are still an bing demand for copying service. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The proposed EN6 Copy Center is being prepared by the undermentioned production procedure. The methods to be used here were differentiated depending on the pressman to be used. Printer to be used will be determined by the volume. quality. and paper size specified by the client. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY The entire cost estimated is Php 651. 000. 00 which will be provided by the proprietor. It is estimated that the undertaking will be able to bring forth adequate income to prolong its operation. The result of the concern operation. which will reflect the fiscal status. and hard currency flow of the concern are presented for 5 old ages. The advocates are besides confident that the proposed undertaking is profitable since the fiscal analysis shows positive and favourable consequence. XEROX/ PHOTCOPYING BUSINESS ( 2nd hand/ Re-con Xerox machine ) December 2008. damang Dama minute na ang simoy ng pasko! 13th month wage. Bonus. Gift cheque. Company Give aways etc. Buong taon KO pinaghirapan at pinagsikapang makaipon mula SA aking mga sinasahod midday bilang isang Macinist. Sa isip-isip ko†¦ malaki laking pera makukuha KO pag nagkataon na sapat parity sa napupusuan kong itayong negosyo. Ito ang mga pinag pilian midday na posible kong itayo: 1. COMPUTER SHOP 2. XEROX/ PHOTO COY BIZ 3. TAPSIHAN SA MUZON 4. BUY N’ SELL NG KOTSE 5. JUNKSHOP Matiaga kong pinag aralan kung Fatah Revolutionary Council Ba dapat Air National Guard itatayo KO. Ang napili ko†¦ † XEROX/ PHOTO COPY BIZ â€Å" . Kung inyong papansinin lahat ng balak kong itayong negosyo ay mura at abot kaya ng bulsa! Pero mas napusuan KO talag yung Xerox Biz. Ilalahad KO SA inyo Air National Guard mga bagay2x at tanong na pumasok SA aking isipan parity itayo KO Air National Guard ganitong negosyo. Tanong: Ano nga slam Produkto o Serbisyo ang kulang o wala sa aming lugar? Sagot: Xerox! Kung ikaw ay isang estudyante na walang libro at kailangan mong basahin Air National Guard ilang aralin SA libro di ba’t minsay naghiiram tayo SA ating schoolmate parity lang ipa-XEROX at magkaroon nanogram sarili nating kopya? Kung ikaw naman ay isang taong mag-aaply ng trabaho mapa lokal adult male o abroad Hindu ba’t isa SA mga demands ay ang mag dala nanogram ilang Xerox transcript nanogram iyong orihinal sodium dokumento? Kung ikaw ay isang taong nais lamang magkaroon ng maraming kopya nanogram isang orihinal sodium dokumento. Hindi ba’t nag papa-XEROX Ka? Hindi ka adult male madalas magpa- Xerox pero kung papansinin ninyo isa ito SA mga patok na Biz na hindi masyado napagtutunan ng pansin. Una. dahil akala nila ay â€Å"small time† lang ito O â€Å"mahal Air National Guard puhunan† . Lingid sa kaalaman nanogram madami isa ito SA mga magandang itayong negosyo foremost timer Ka adult male o Hindi. Dito sa aming lugar ay may magandang oprtunidad magtayo nanogram ganitong negosyo dahil 2 dad lang midday Air National Guard mayroong ganitong negosyo at sa 2 iyon ay sinubukan KO Air National Guard kanilang kalidad at dito KO napatunayan na malaki ang tsansa KO na higitan Air National Guard kanilang serbisyo. Tanong: Kung may kakumpitensya na pala ako 2 bakit dad ako magtatayo? Sagot: Dahil Malabo at Hindu maganda Air National Guard serbisyo nila! Paminsan-minsan ay scold dad Xerox blare ako Nung ako ay estudyante dad at nung nagta trabaho sodium. pinag tityagaan ko na lang kahit minsan ay Malabo O guhit guhit Air National Guard resulta ng kopya nila. â€Å"Kesa naman magpunta dad ako ng bayan at mamasahe dad! pagtyagaan ko na lang! † yanang problema KO SA kanila bukod dad SA mahal nilang singil na P1. 50-short P2. 50-long. Ang mahal di Ba? palibhasa’y no pick na ang mga Taoist SA amin kahit alam kong mura SA mga kalapit namin na bayan na P1- short at P1. 50 long eh. kesa naman mamasahe dad ako parity SA iilang piraso dito na lang! Dito ko naisip na gandahan ang serbisyo at murahan kumpara SA mga nauna nang nagtayo nanogram ganitong game SA aming lugar. Tanong: Maganda Ba Air National Guard aking lokasyon? Sagot: OO! Maganda naman Air National Guard lokasyon namin. katabi Kami ng National Highway. papunta ng Angono at Taytay. Tuwing umaga habang pinag mamasdan KO Air National Guard mga estudyante at mga empleyado at mga naghahanap ng trabaho. Naiisip ko na na sila Air National Guard â€Å"TARGET MARKET† KO. Sa aking palagay National Aeronautics and Space Administration tamang lokasyon Kami! malapit ang aming tindahan SA kung saan may mga terminal ng trike paakyat at pababa ng San Francisco Vill. Maliban pa doon na ang kanto donging iyon ay puno ng Taoist tuwing umaga parity SA mga papasok na empleyado o mga estudyanteng SA bandang maynila O sa Angono at Taytay adult male nag aaral. bukod dad SA sangkaterbang katabi namin na mga constitutions blare. Tanong: Anong scheme naman ang gagamitn KO parity makaakit ako ng mga mga Costumer? Sagot: Mura at magandang serbisyo! Sa aming lugar kasi mejo may kamahalan ang P2. 00 na paxerox parity SA short gayong may mura na 0. 50c sa bayan ng Angono at Taytay. Yun nga lang gagastos kapa ng pamasahe kaya pinag Ti tiyagaan na lang kahit mahal. Kaya naisip KO na murahan. tiningnan KO kung kaya SA PISO isang piraso na short. At sa aking pag-aaral kaya naman! Sa katunayan SA pisong ibabayad SA iyo ng mag-papaxerox SA iyo three-base hit Air National Guard tubo minute! Maliit na halaga kung titingnan pero kung iipunin minute lahat ng magiging tubo minute. aba’y JACKPOT Ka SA ganitong klaseng negosyo! Tanong: Ano Ba Air National Guard dapat kong bilihin na Xerox machine bago o 2nd manus? Sagot: 2nd manus ( muna kung di kaya ng bulsa na bumili ng bago ) ! Sa aking palagay Air National Guard pag dedesisyon kung 2nd manus O bago adult male Air National Guard iyong bibilhin ay nakadepende na sa iyo! Kung kaya ng bulsa minute nanogram bago walang problema! wala Ka stab masyado sakit ng ulo pagdating sa care. Kung balak mo naman bumili ng segundamano O † refurbished/ re-conditioned † wala donging problema. Para SA kindred mom pinili KO munang bumili ng 2nd hand/ re-con. . Una sa lahat dahil mom mura kesa sa bago. Kung sakali naman wala Ka stab alam kung Fatah Revolutionary Council magandang bilhin na re-con bibigyan KO knockout ng TIPS! Ok lang bumili o gumamit ng mga re-con sodium xerox kung wala kang kilala na marunong tumingin nanogram magandang klase aba’y wit basta2x padalos taro SA pagbili dahil Hindi birong halaga blare Air National Guard iyong ilalabas. Bumili sa mga malalaki at kilala na pagdating SA mga ganitong bagay. Tanong: Saan naman ako bibili nanogram murang Xerox? Sagot: Sa RECTO/ Internet! Saan naman ako bumili? Sa Manila. bahala ka na mamili kung saan at sino Air National Guard bibilhan minute. Sa bandang RECTO Air National Guard karamihan ng mga nagbebenta ng mga recon na xerox. Pwede rin mag hanap ka ONLINE! Muli. mag-ingat ng mabuti SA pagbili at pagpili! Tanong: Paano ako makakasiguro na ok ang binili kung foremost timer lang ako SA ganitong game? Sagot: Mag -research muna. magbasa ng forum/ web logs sa cyberspace. magtanong SA bibilihan minute! Kung sakaling bibili ka na ng xerox machine. maari Ka munang mag research SA cyberspace. magbasa ng mga web logs. O magtanong muna SA mga tindahan ng machine bago bumili Tanong: Tuturuan Ba nila ako kung paano mag operate nanogram xerox? Sagot: OO! Tuturuan ka naman nilang mag operate ng Xerox machine pati mga basic care! Tanong: Mahirap ba mag maintain ng XEROX MACHINE? Sagot: Hindi! Hindi naman ganoon kahirap mag maintain ng isang rhenium con na xerox. basta kung Anu ung tinuro SA iyo na paglilinis gawin minute. Ang simpleng alikabok kasi ay may malaking epekto sa public presentation nanogram machine lalo sodium at kung ang lugar nio ay maalikabok malaking bagay Air National Guard paglilinis lalo na ng mga SALAMIN SA loob ng machine! Pero nasa Iyo dad blare kung paano minute aalagan Air National Guard iyong machine. kung burara Ka at di minute na nalilinis Hindi nga talga tatgal SA iyo at baka sumakit lang ang ulo minute kakapa ayos. Sa ngayon ay may 2 re-con sodium ako na Xerox machine parehong theoretical account blare Air National Guard kinuha ko parity merely in instance masira adult male ung isa pedeng kahuyin ung parts bilang pamalit. Yung unang Xerox machine na nabili KO mahigit isang taon blare bago may nasirang parts sa kanya. Mayroong piyesa Air National Guard xerox na kung tawagin ay DRUM SA assembly na ito Air National Guard may ilang piyesa na sensitibo at may kamahalan pag nasira kung Hindi minute langing nililinisan ang iyon machine. Tanong: Kung sakaling masira may available ba na parts at madali Ba makakahanap nito? Sagot: OO! dun blare SA binilihan minute! Tanong: Madali Ba makahanap O makabili ng mga consumables? Sagot: OO! Madaling maghanap ng mga parts at consumables ng isang Xerox machine. Pero ingat SA pagbili lalo na kung pulverization Air National Guard bibilhin minute. Madami kasing lumalabas na POWDER ay Pekinese na madaling makasira nanogram parts ng machine. Bumili ng ORIG! may kamahalan pero sigurado Ka naman. Tanong: Mura Ba Air National Guard mga consumables nito? Sagot: OO! Tanong: Mura ba ang Re-con sodium XEROX? Sagot: OO! Depende SA bibilhin minute! Naglalaro ang monetary value nito mula 12k ( no reducing agent enlarger ) – 40+k ( stab volume o madamihan na ) . Yung unang Xerox machine na nabili KO na tumagal ng mahigit isang taon bago nakitaan ng mga simpleng pagkukumuni ay Php18. 000. 00 Tanong: Anong brand/ theoretical account Air National Guard magandang bilihin? Sagot: Ricoh FT3813 with reducing agent – enlarger Ok Air National Guard trade name na ito! bagay SA mga nagsisimula SA ganitong negosyo. mahalaga kung may reducer enlarger Air National Guard makukuha minute dahil minsan ay may mga client na nagpapalaki o magpapaliit nanogram kanilang dokumento. Madali din imaintenance Air National Guard ganitong theoretical account!