Heat Transfer Lab Report

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFERHeat transfer processes are prominent in engineering due to several applications in industry and environment. Heat transfer is central to the performance of propulsion systems, design of conventional space and water heating systems, cooling of electronic equipment, and many manufacturing processes (Campos 3). Unsteady state conduction is the class of heat transfer in which the temperature of the conducting medium varies with time and position.This occurs frequently in industrial processes, especially food preservation and sterilization, where the temperature of the food or of the heating or cooling medium constantly changes (Farid2). The work reported here involves the investigation of unsteady state heat transfer in two cylindrical rods and the conformity of experimental results to different methods of theoretical analysis. Aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders were used. Thermocouples were placed at different radial and axial positions, and the cylinders, whi ch were in thermal equilibrium with an ice bath, were placed in a warm water bath at 370C.Temperature profiles were obtained using a data acquisition system on a computer. Theory The applicable form of the heat transfer equation for conduction in solids is given by (Welty1): If the thermal conductivity is constant and the conducting medium contains no heat sources, Equation 1 reduces to Fourier’s second law of heat conduction (Welty1).Equation 2 can be written in cylindrical coordinates as   (3) Assuming that no heat transfer occurs in the axial position, and temperature varies with radial position and time only, (4) Equation 3 therefore becomes (Welty1) (5) Nomenclature for all equations is shown in the appendices.For a cylindrical rod immersed in a higher temperature fluid, heat transfer occurs by convection from the body of fluid to the surface of the rod, and by conduction from the rod’s surface to its center. If conduction through the rod occurs much faster than convection from the fluid, convection is the rate-limiting heat transfer mechanism, and the temperature within the solid will vary with time only. This condition, in which the external resistance is large relative to the overall resistance, is the primary characteristic of a â€Å"lumped† system.The Biot number, (Bi = hV/kA), is a ratio of the internal (conductive) resistance to heat transfer, to the external (convective) resistance to heat transfer. A general rule of thumb is that a body can be assumed to be lumped if Bi < 0. 1 (Welty1). For lumped bodies, the temperature variation with time is described by Equation 6 (Welty1) For cases in which the internal and external resistances are significant, Equation 5 must be solved numerically or graphically to determine the temperature variation with position and time.Graphical solutions (Heisler charts) are shown in Welty1 for different shapes and geometries. To use the Heisler charts, three dimensionless ratios must be known, a nd a fourth will be read on the appropriate axis. These dimensionless ratios are: Y, unaccomplished temperature change=T? -TT? -T0 (7) X, relative time=? tx12 (8) n, relative position=xx1 (9) m, relative resistance=khx1 (10)DISCUSSIONBefore the data was analyzed, the thermocouples were calibrated and the voltage readings were converted to temperature. To achieve this, the final value from each thermocouple was set to be equal to the warm water bath temperature (370C), and the initial reading was set equal to the ice water bath temperature. Thus, for each thermocouple an equation was obtained using the two points to convert voltage readings to temperature. An example of the calibration for one of the thermocouples is shown in AppendixII. LUMPED ANALYSISTo determine if a lumped-parameter analysis could be applied, the Biot numbers for the systems were calculated (shown in Table 1). Table 1: Biot numbers for the aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders. | Bi| Aluminum| 0. 07| Plexiglas| 81| Si nce the Bi value of the aluminum system is less than 0. 1, convection from the water to the surface of the cylinder is the rate limiting heat transfer mechanism. Thus, a lumped-parameter analysis can be safely applied. The Plexiglas system, on the other hand, has a Bi >> 0. 1, and the rate limiting mechanism is conduction in the cylinder.The temperature-time plot gotten by applying a lumped-parameter analysis (Equation 6) to the Aluminum cylinder was compared to the plot obtained from the thermocouple located closest to center of the cylinder. This thermocouple is chosen for comparison because it is located farthest from the heating source and will have a temperature history that differs most from an ideal lumped system. With this thermocouple, we should therefore obtain the maximum error associated with applying a lumped-parameter analysis to the system.Figure 1: Temperature history plot for the aluminum cylinder. The thermocouple is located 0. 25 in away from the center. A lumped parameter analysis is also shown in Figure 2 for the Plexiglas cylinder to illustrate the error encountered by applying Equation 6 to â€Å"un-lumped† systems. Figure 2: Temperature history plot for the Plexiglas cylinder.COMPARING TEMPERATURE HISTORY AT DIFFERENT RADIAL POSITIONSBased on their Biot numbers, it was expected that the temperature history plots at different radii for the aluminum cylinder should follow a similar path, while those for the Plexiglas cylinder shouldn’t. Figure 3: Experimental temperature for the aluminum cylinder history at various radial positions. Figure 4: Experimental temperature for the Plexiglas cylinder history at various radial positions. Figures 3 shows that the temperature curves are all the same at different radii in the aluminum cylinder.This is attributed to the fact discussed earlier that the aluminum cylinder behaves as a lumped system, that is, there is negligible resistance to internal heat transfer (conduction). Figure 4, o n the other hand, shows differences in the temperature history plots at different radii in the Plexiglas cylinder, confirming that conduction through the cylinder is the rate limiting heat transfer mechanism.GRAPHICAL SOLUTION –HEISLER CHARTSFor systems that cannot be accurately modeled by lumped-parameter solutions, such as the Plexiglas cylinder, we must resort to other analytic methods.Graphical solutions in Heisler charts (Welty1) were used to estimate the temperature history at three thermocouples. These plots are compared with the experimental plots in Figures 5 – 7. Figure 5: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at a radius of 1. 25 in away from the center. Figure 6: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at a radius of 0. 50 in away from the center. Figure 7: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at the cent erline of the cylinder.The percent differences show that predicting the temperature history using Heisler charts produces much error. This method was open to mistakes for the following reasons: 1. Curves on the charts are drawn for integer values of relative time, position and resistance. Therefore, reading and approximation errors result when decimals to be read are not shown on the axes. 2.Some areas of the Heisler charts are so crowded with lines that reading a value with accuracy is nearly impossible. 3. When producing the charts, Heisler did calculations for some set of numbers and then linearly connected the points on a logarithmic-linear modified scale. Dimensionless ratios obtained from the charts are thus slightly different from their real values (Dilsiz4).NUMERICAL ANALYSIS – MATLABEquation 5 was solved numerically using MATLAB. The code used is provided in Appendix IV. The solutions were extracted to Excel and plotted (Figures 8 and 9).The temperature plots at diff erent radii for the aluminum cylinder are superimposed and therefore indistinguishable. This further demonstrates the fact that the temperatures at all points in the aluminum system were identical. Figure 9, on the other hand, shows that the Plexiglas had varying temperatures at different points. Figure 8: Numerical Solution from for the aluminum cylinder. Results were found using MATLAB and plotted in Excel. Figure 9: Numerical Solution from for the Plexiglas cylinder. Results were found using MATLAB and plotted in Excel. The results obtained from the numerical analysis were compared with experimental data.Table 4 shows the average percent differences between their values. The percent differences for the Plexiglas cylinder are significantly lower than those obtained when using the Heisler charts (see Table 3). This suggests that the numerical analysis using a partial differential equation solver is a more reliable method of analyzing the data for the Plexiglas cylinder. Table 4: Av erage percent differences between experimental results and the numerical analysis solution. Radius (in)| Average % difference| | Aluminum| Plexiglas| 0| -| 7. 54| 0. 25| 3. 68| 5. 81| 0. 5| -| 5. 75| . 75| 2. 99| -| 1| 3. 35| 6. 34| 1. 25| 2. 27| 4. 92| | | | Average| 3. 0725| 6. 072|CONCLUSIONThe rate limiting heat transfer mechanism for the aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders were convection and conduction, respectively. It was found that the temperature history for the aluminum cylinder conformed to a lumped-parameter analysis while that for the Plexiglas cylinder didn’t. This was expected based on the Biot numbers calculated for the two systems. Temperature profiles obtained from Heisler charts produced much error, and deviated significantly from experimental data.For the Plexiglas cylinder, the numerical analysis using MATLAB, although tedious, provided the least error when compared to experimental results. The temperature histories at different radial positions were compar ed: the temperature-time curves for the aluminum cylinder overlapped, that is, the temperatures were the same at different radial positions. On the other hand, there were significant differences in the temperature-time curves for the Plexiglas cylinder. This is attributed to the fact that the aluminum rod was lumped, while the Plexiglas wasn’t.SOURCES OF ERRORIt was assumed that no heat was transferred through the ends of the cylinders. This may have induced some error in the analysis. If there was indeed significant heat transferred through the ends, two thermocouples placed at the same radius will report slightly different temperatures, with the one closer to the edge being heated faster. As discussed earlier, error is introduced when reading the Heisler charts. These errors were considered minor, and were not substantial enough to affect the major conclusions drawn from the analysis.SAFETY CONSIDERATIONSThe proximity of water baths to electrical equipment presented an elec trical hazard.It was important to make sure not to spill water when transferring the cylindrical rods between baths. We also made sure to move any movable electrical equipment as far as possible from the immediate area. The baths used weren’t hot enough to cause scalds upon contact with the skin. Safety glasses and closed-toed shoes were worn throughout the duration of the experiment.REFERENCES1. Welty, James R. , Charles E. Wicks, Robert Wilson, and Gregory L. Rorrer. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer. New York: Wiley, 2001. Print.2. Farid, Mohammed M. Sterilization of Food in Retort Pouches. New York, NY: Springer, 2006. Print.3. Campos, Marco, Estaner Claro Romao, and Luiz Moura. â€Å"Analysis of Unsteady State Heat Transfer in the Hollow Cylinder Using the Finite Volume Method with a Half Control Volume. † Applied Mathematical Sciences 6. 39 (2011): 1925-931. Print.4. Dilsiz, Resul, and Onur Y. Devres. â€Å"Graphical Solution of the Transient Hea t Transfer Problem. † AIP Conference Proceedings 1048. 855 (2008).

Organisation and Control of Computer Operations Essay

The organisational structure of the company is quite straight forward and to the point and easy to understand. The company is split into two departments the computing department and Contracts team. Taira Zeb is the overall is the director of the company. Martin Gates is the Transport Manager of the daily operations team. He liaises with other companies to A2z Travel Uk Ltd can offer when they book with them. He explains to companies what special rates they can offer them if they book association or company booking outings. If the Company’s or associations are happy to sign any contract or booking with A2z Travel Uk Ltd he passes the contact details to the contract manager make them sign a contact or booking. The people working in Martin Gates team include: – * Wendy Gates (Contracts Manager) – the main role of Wendy Gates is to secure contracts and bookings also introduce discount under the authorisation of Martin Gates the Transport Manager. * Sandeep Uppal (Health & Safety Manager) – Bashir deals with health and safety issues within the company, and also liability issues whilst vehicles are in use by companies and groups. * Mohammed Zafreen (Head Mechanic) – deals with the vehicles checking them on a weekly basis checking for problems before they go to the outing it is booked for. Mohammed Zafreen is charge of checking if the all transport coaches are safe to drive on roads and all the paper work is up to date for example MOT, Car Tax before they are let out. Mohammed Zafreen also deals with daily maintenance for vehicles when he has the time to do so. * Asan Fazal (Assistant Mechanic) – deals with daily maintenance of the coaches on a daily basis. * Sandeep Uppal (Health & Safety Manager) – Sandeep Uppal deals with health and safety issues within the company, and also liability issues whilst its coaches are in use by A2z Travel Uk Ltd * Julia Wilson (Health & Safety Co-ordinator) -Julia Wilson works under Sandeep Uppal and deals with training in-house staff on health and safety issues under the guidance of Sandeep Uppal. The computing department is run by Asian Fazal who is the IT Manager. He deals with overall matters regarding hardware and software requirements for A2z Travel Uk Ltd, and is involved with all purchasing of hardware and software but before funds can be released to him the director must be with agreement with him. The people working in Asan Fazal team include: * Ahmed Hussain (Technician) -Tony deals with maintaining hardware/software with the company and resolve any network problems. * Andrew Dales (IT Security Manager) – deals with security producers and deals with viruses and have creped thought the network. * Praveen Patel (Backup Manager) – responsible for making sure all data has been backed up successfully the backup manger responsibilities ensure all backups are done daily and weekly basis and enforce backup procedures with in the company. The backup manager must ensure all backups kept in a safe place in a different location if for example all data was lost due to fire. * Wajid Gahni (Database Administrator) responsibilities include, database design, co-ordination and use of data integrity, up keep of data, and data maintenance to see if the data passed thought the database is not garbage. * Azard Amera (Security Assistant) she deals with daily security issues or given daily task to complete by the IT Security Manager * Frank Dean (Backup Assistant) responsible for backing up data on a daily basis every evening and reports back to the backup manager if he occurs any problems. He will contact the backup manager when a daily backup is co The Structuring 0f Computing Jobs Within The Organisation. IT Department Structure IT Manager – Asan Fazal Asian Fazal in A2Z Travel UK Ltd is of that to give support and guidance to the IT department on all computing issues within the organisation also chasing up things that the IT department need to do. Asian Fazal is responsible for work on internal projects and teams such as IT Security policies, hardware, software and backup policies. Asian Fazal has to enforce see policies otherwise there could be major Problems within the company. His job involves analyzing security requirements, evaluating safeguards, vulnerabilities, threats also opportunities. Asian Fazal job entails: – * Identify integration issues and develop solutions of computing systems within the company. * Coach and develop skills within a project team. * Lead project teams within the computing department. * Run the IT department to the highest standard. IT Security Manager – Andrew Dales Andrew Dales is responsible for all IT security integration issues within the computing network in the company, which include data Protection act, computer misuse act, IT security and privacy. Andrew Dales to deal with security breaches that has taken place also making high security risk into a low security risk. Andrew Dales ensures all passwords are used coherently and in accordance to the A2Z Travel UK Ltd IT Security and privacy policies. Andrew Dales deals with any seen or reported act of computer misconduct, and she ensures the company’s regulations of carrying out these procedures. Security Assistant – Azard Amera Azard Amera job involves assisting the Security Manager in security related issues. Azard Amera keeps on top of all the latest security, and virus software. Azard Amera has a list of jobs to do on a daily basis that he must complete. Azard Amera can take over the security manager role if he is sick or he can not attend for work Technician – Tony Seagull Tony Seagull who is the company technician manages, maintains and supports the company’s fundamental IT infrastructure. He is also responsible for the development of a completion of training programs for the users of the computer systems within A2Z Travel UK Ltd. Tony regularly comes to check the computers in working order on a weekly basis are as well as coming. He is also responsible for the hardware and software problems and any network issues that arrive. When the organisation decides to upgrade any of the hardware or software used the technician is responsible for carrying with the backup assistant if the work load is too much for him. The technician inputs ideas for what the company needs to the IT manager. Backup Manager – Praveen Patel Praveen Patel is responsible for backing up of all data used within the system. Back ups are carried out on a daily basis. (Every evening) These back ups are stored at the main site location. Weekly back ups are also taken from the system, these back ups are taken to a secure location off site. This is done so that if data is lost or corrupt at the main site, only a weeks worth of data is lost. Backup Assistant – Frank Dean Frank Dean is responsible for backing up data on a daily basis, and ensuring all security procedures are met. Database Administrator – Wajid Gahni As the database administrator Wajid Gahni has the responsibility and the role of: – – Co-ordinating the use of data in database management systems. – Providing support to the other departments. – Any changes made to the database must be approved by DBA. – Controlling access, performance, monitoring and tuning of the database. – Working with other computing team members to make sure the database is working to the highest performance. – This DBA gives different users different access rights to the system – The DBA resolves disputes that can occur with the Database. Privacy and Security Privacy â€Å"Privacy is the claim for individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organisations or the state†. (P59 lauden and lauden.) A2Z Travel.org has about 10 computers, which they use to keep personal data about all drivers, coaches, routes and customers. Therefore all access to customers and staff information within the company is restricted to those authorised to see it. There are formal procedures that are followed for the allocation of access rights to users such as using a secure password, never telling anyone your password, changing passwords regularly and making sure that no staff members write their passwords down, such data should be memorised. At A2Z Travel.org a single password is used so that users can log on to the system, this is secure as only members of staff have authority can log on to the system. An improved way of using passwords would be to assign each user with their own unique user name and password so that all unauthorised access is prevented. These passwords should be confidential and users removed from the system they leave the company. The company plan to implement a more secure password system in the near future to improve security. The use of data encryption would also be of great benefit to A2Z Travel.org, as this would prevent any data being accessed from any other software applications, this would also be necessary when setting up individual unique passwords to access the system. Privacy Software The most interesting thing that we found out while we were at A2Z Travel International was that the two directors, have their own computers, which they work on. The computers have a lot of software installed on it but the most interesting software that we found installed on the computers was the Privacy Guardian 3.2 for Windows. When we asked the directors why they only have this installed on their computers they told us simply because they do not want anybody to know which internet sites they use and visit. Apparently this is something to do with the contracts they have with other companies. The directors admitted that occasionally they would view the contents on colleague’s hardware, including cache, cookies, index.dat and history. Privacy Guardian ensures that all traces of Internet and computer activities are permanently erased and unrecoverable from the PC. â€Å"Privacy Guardian is a safe and easy-to-use privacy protection tool that securely deletes online Internet tracks and program activity records that are stored in your browser and other hidden files on your computer†. SECURITY The Security of a system is a combination of its ability to support: * System Availability * Data Integrity * Data Confidentiality It is essential that all information must be protected against unauthorised access, theft and physical damage. Access to data should only be allowed to members of staff with authority, there might also be certain levels of security so that particular members of staff can only access certain data. Therefore all data in A2Z Travel.org is kept in a secure locked office, with limited access. Backups of data are also kept on secure location off site for security reasons. Data protection act – The main objectives of the act are to make sure that any personal data stored in any computer related to a member of staff is accurate, used for only the purpose registered, kept up to date, and only available to those who are entitled to use the data. Any member of staff may ask for a copy of the data held in their record. It is a legal requirement to meet with the data protection act in any organisation, staff are also made aware of this and are given a copy of the companies data protection policy when they are recruited. CCTV – A2Z Travel.org is a 24-hour coach service and therefore all gates are kept opened for drivers to enter and emerge, and so the need for CCTV is essential. CCTV is also used within the office; this can help to audit users activities on p.c’s. For instance if there was a problem experienced and it could not be confined to a particular member of staff the CCTV system could be used to view who was using the system at a particular time. There is CCTV placed in several places such as inside and outside the office and in the coach yard where the coached are parked. Equipment security – In order to minimise the loss or damage the equipment within the company is protected from security threats and environmental hazards. Regular backup copies of data are taken on a daily basis, which is done by Charles Stewart (Backup Assistant). Master software and backup data diskettes are kept in locked cabinets when not in use and they are also stored in a different location. It is vital for master copies to be kept elsewhere as data that is corrupted or destroyed in case of fire or theft, which will result in losing weeks/months of work, cannot always be replaced. Any computer is at risk from damage or theft. Theft is becoming more and more common amongst companies and organisations. To avoid losing thousands of pounds on buying more equipment to replace the ones that have been damaged or stolen, A2Z Travel international have insured all their equipment in the company. This insurance cover will compensate for the repair or replacement of the equipment and software. The use of security ties and lock help to protect the companies’ hardware, this is necessary as a number of drivers are continuously entering and emerging from the office. Security tags are also used on all of the hardware so that the equipment is identifiable in the event of theft or loss. All of the equipment is also registered with the manufacturer so that they are identifiable from the serial number. To further improve security the use of metal casings and security locks on devices such as printers to prevent any other member of staff apart from the technician from changing consumables etc, this helps maintain equipment as members of staff without I.T knowledge may damage the equipment when attempting to change consumables etc. Viruses – A large risk faced by A2Z Travel.org is the possibility of downloading or receiving harmful viruses. There are a number of ways in which it is possible to contract a virus including the use of floppy disks, downloading data from the Internet or email. To reduce these risks it is the role of the I.T security manager to have an up to date anti virus software subscription. Even more important is the task of regularly updating this software as new viruses are regularly generated. Another security step taken by the organisation is to implement firewalls on all of the P.Cs used within the company. This helps to protect data and filter out any harmful files. The role of the technician includes updating all of this software and carrying out regular checks on all of the computers. Another precaution taken by the company involves completing regular windows updates on all machines used within the company. This keeps all Microsoft software up to date so that there is less risk of contracting any viruses or experiencing any problems with any software. Technical Security – This considers the security requirements, which are related to the technology within A2Z Travel.org in particular IT networks, systems and equipment. Topics that are involved include: Hacking – This is an act to penetrate computer systems to gain knowledge about the system and how it works. A hacker is someone who is interested in computer programming and things that are related to the technical side of a computer. The damage a hacker can do is change a password so legitimate users are denied access, can smuggle another program onto the P.C, can steal credit numbers to obtain goods and services and can crash a system. A2Z Travel.org uses up to data virus protection and Microsoft firewall applications to prevent any unauthorised access to the system. Bibliography http://www.indianest.com/computing/security/020.htm http://www.itbusinessedge.com http://www.etechb.co.uk/education/Docs/Technician_Phase1-summary.pdf Carroll, John Millar, (1987), Computer Security 2nd Edition, http://www.iseek.org/sv/13000.jsp?id=100047 http://www.informationcommissioner.gov.uk/eventual.aspx?id=34 http://www.pctools.co.uk/privacy-guardian http://mtechit.com/concepts/security.html http://www.pctools.co.uk/privacy-guardian

Beaches

The beach is a beautiful natural shape. Each is different from the others. Some may be rocks, some are white sand, some are black, some are small, and some are big. I like all kinds of beaches. All the beaches I visited were unforgettable experiences, but one of them was particularly striking. When I was a junior, I went to a resort in Jamaica where there was a wonderful beach. This is a large beach with white sand beach and extraordinary palm trees. There is also a long and huge rocky row spreading in the Caribbean. Well, I have a beach with sand and water. The beach is made of sand, made of small rock. The beach absorbs heat from the sun. Skeet shooting is better than hunting, but still very few are shooting. Beach, beach, beach. I am thinking about the beach. If you wear a stud on the beach, you may break the shell. If I live on the beach it may have shells, but they will all be in the wreckage. I allow a bear to be at my beach, but only in the summer. They will step on the shell before I arrive, but I will never announce that it is open season. In winter, Jim Carrey stood on the beach. Can I take off the hair of Kate Winslet's eternal sunshine? I hope that someone can invent that memory. Do not forget that you are on the beach. understood. On my beach it is always sunny and there is no breeze. Because God's love does not feed bears. Let's think about a bit. A part of the idle is a shell. They are playing games on the beach. On the beach there are hundreds of shells, if not thousands. Most of the shells are indistinguishable from each other, and there is no one who really looks at the shell Loren captured during the immune attack. Why did Lauren not give Mike a completely random shell? Thus, she keeps the entire idle safe, Mike feels that he has the power of Lauren, and everyone will win I like beaches. This is not unusual. California people from Reading to most rivers of Riverside love the beach. We escape the sun and our daily lives at the beach. But there are 100 different ways to love the beach. Beach leader, beach sleeper, surfer, body border, parasailer, beach athlete, sand castle architect, kite flyer, kayak, treasure hunter, bird watcher, whale watcher, people observer, teenager, drinker, bonfire architect, Pit Master, Dog Walker Beaches The beach is a beautiful natural shape. Each is different from the others. Some may be rocks, some are white sand, some are black, some are small, and some are big. I like all kinds of beaches. All the beaches I visited were unforgettable experiences, but one of them was particularly striking. When I was a junior, I went to a resort in Jamaica where there was a wonderful beach. This is a large beach with white sand beach and extraordinary palm trees. There is also a long and huge rocky row spreading in the Caribbean. Well, I have a beach with sand and water. The beach is made of sand, made of small rock. The beach absorbs heat from the sun. Skeet shooting is better than hunting, but still very few are shooting. Beach, beach, beach. I am thinking about the beach. If you wear a stud on the beach, you may break the shell. If I live on the beach it may have shells, but they will all be in the wreckage. I allow a bear to be at my beach, but only in the summer. They will step on the shell before I arrive, but I will never announce that it is open season. In winter, Jim Carrey stood on the beach. Can I take off the hair of Kate Winslet's eternal sunshine? I hope that someone can invent that memory. Do not forget that you are on the beach. understood. On my beach it is always sunny and there is no breeze. Because God's love does not feed bears. Let's think about a bit. A part of the idle is a shell. They are playing games on the beach. On the beach there are hundreds of shells, if not thousands. Most of the shells are indistinguishable from each other, and there is no one who really looks at the shell Loren captured during the immune attack. Why did Lauren not give Mike a completely random shell? Thus, she keeps the entire idle safe, Mike feels that he has the power of Lauren, and everyone will win I like beaches. This is not unusual. California people from Reading to most rivers of Riverside love the beach. We escape the sun and our daily lives at the beach. But there are 100 different ways to love the beach. Beach leader, beach sleeper, surfer, body border, parasailer, beach athlete, sand castle architect, kite flyer, kayak, treasure hunter, bird watcher, whale watcher, people observer, teenager, drinker, bonfire architect, Pit Master, Dog Walker Beaches The beach is a beautiful natural shape. Each is different from the others. Some may be rocks, some are white sand, some are black, some are small, and some are big. I like all kinds of beaches. All the beaches I visited were unforgettable experiences, but one of them was particularly striking. When I was a junior, I went to a resort in Jamaica where there was a wonderful beach. This is a large beach with white sand beach and extraordinary palm trees. There is also a long and huge rocky row spreading in the Caribbean. Well, I have a beach with sand and water. The beach is made of sand, made of small rock. The beach absorbs heat from the sun. Skeet shooting is better than hunting, but still very few are shooting. Beach, beach, beach. I am thinking about the beach. If you wear a stud on the beach, you may break the shell. If I live on the beach it may have shells, but they will all be in the wreckage. I allow a bear to be at my beach, but only in the summer. They will step on the shell before I arrive, but I will never announce that it is open season. In winter, Jim Carrey stood on the beach. Can I take off the hair of Kate Winslet's eternal sunshine? I hope that someone can invent that memory. Do not forget that you are on the beach. understood. On my beach it is always sunny and there is no breeze. Because God's love does not feed bears. Let's think about a bit. A part of the idle is a shell. They are playing games on the beach. On the beach there are hundreds of shells, if not thousands. Most of the shells are indistinguishable from each other, and there is no one who really looks at the shell Loren captured during the immune attack. Why did Lauren not give Mike a completely random shell? Thus, she keeps the entire idle safe, Mike feels that he has the power of Lauren, and everyone will win I like beaches. This is not unusual. California people from Reading to most rivers of Riverside love the beach. We escape the sun and our daily lives at the beach. But there are 100 different ways to love the beach. Beach leader, beach sleeper, surfer, body border, parasailer, beach athlete, sand castle architect, kite flyer, kayak, treasure hunter, bird watcher, whale watcher, people observer, teenager, drinker, bonfire architect, Pit Master, Dog Walker

BMS forum discussion- Summary post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BMS forum discussion- Summary post - Essay Example The employees would be asked to give their response on several factors that leads to these problems as well as the possible ways of solving or their perception on the problem identified. Creation of departmental units that incorporates employees from various cadres in the organisation will bring the management and the employees to interact more often, a factor that is likely to break the communication barriers. Acquiring relevant information is the most important aspect of any business dealing with information management system. Data is the unprocessed piece of information while information the processed data. There are primary and secondary data; the former is collected using questionnaire when one is undertaking study, while secondary data involves using data that was collected by previous study. For instance, the organisation will depend entirely on the accounting section to provide financial data for the stakeholders and potential investors. Therefore, relevant information needs to be communicated after the auditing process to ensure its reliability. Good information must be reliable and reproducible, this can only be achieved if the one can follow the same approach used previously and obtain similar finding by repeating the entire process. The method for analysing data will depend on the variable and the expected results. If there are more than two dependent and independent variable, a multiple approach like multiple analysis of variance is appropriate, however, if the data is simple analysis of variance is appropriate. Data has one disadvantage of possible manipulation; besides, if the size is not representative it will give misleading information. The information on the other hand depends on data, hence may give misleading

Economic event ( read steps down ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic event ( read steps down ) - Essay Example In brief, the Reagan Tax Reform Act of 1986 was passed by a bi-partisan majority in both house and senate and signed into law by the President. What this affected was lowering the top individual income tax rate from 50% to 28% (Cebula 132). Although this was a vast reduction, it was in fact revenue â€Å"neutral† as the tax burden that was created from the savings was merely passed off onto businesses. President Bush further passed legislation that reduced the tax burden down from 28% to 20%. This has caused an ever increasing budget deficit as Washington is both unable to curtail spending and seemingly obsessed with further tax cuts. It is this cycle of ever increasing budgets and the inability to raise taxes on any group due to the political pressures that have evolved into the unique situation that both political candidates face. Further complicating the issue is the fact that Mitt Romney’s plan intends on keeping the Bush era tax cuts and extending them indefinitely. Similarly, his tax plan claims that although no additional percentage tax increases will be affected, additional revenue will be generated by reducing itemized deductions and other special benefits that the wealthy typically enjoy on their taxes. Analysis by independent think tanks and tax analysts have proven that this particular maneuver will not even come close to closing the revenue gap that further reduction in the highest individual rates will have (William 4). Furthermore, if Mr. Romney will be able to meet the same level of tax revenues while reducing the tax revenues generated from the wealthy, this will invariably be dependent upon the plan’s ability to cover the shortfalls of tax revenue/generation. Likewise, a primary issue that one quickly realizes when analyzing Mitt Romney’s tax plan is the fact that he is interested in: cutting the

Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Essay

Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Industry - Essay Example The message conveyed in the music was not necessary false, but it was exaggerated in some manner (Whitfield). A typical example is L. Wolfe Gilbert who depicted â€Å"The levee, in old Alabammy†. It should be noted that the state is one hundred and fifty miles east of any levees. L. Wolfe Gilbert had some knowledge about the Black Sea because he was born in Ukraine, but he had no knowledge of the Mississippi River. Therefore, singing about the levee when he had no knowledge of any levee was a way of presenting imagination as truth, through music. Those who knew the levees, listened to his music, and identified with it, expressing their identity, a form of forgery it was. Another example of false reality is George Gershwin’s biggest hit, â€Å"Swanee† (Whitfield). The musician, George Gershwin, presented in his music, information about the Suwannee River as a reality, but this was a forged reality. This is because George Gershwin and his lyricist visited the Suwan nee River, only after their song had become so famous in the nation. This means that the two had no first hand experience or practical information about the Suwannee River, but they fantasised the information they sang about the river (Whitfield). That is why, during their visit to the river, they found the location not as impressive as expected, and were shocked on knowing the reality. Whoever who listened to the song, thinking that the artists knew the reality about what they were singing forged whatever the identity that s/he expressed about who s/he is. Nora Bayes produced soothing and famous hits such as ‘Shine On and Harvest Moon, but her song’s composer, Harry Von Tilzer was not a husbandman (Whitfield). The songs were used by listeners... This "Music as a Means of Expressing Identity and Change in the Music Industry" essay outlines interesting point of view on the music and purposes in which people use it. Also, it researches the music of the history and its development. The music industry has gone through several cycles of corporate consolidation and diversification since the late 19th century. Often these swings occurred in response to technological innovations or legal proceedings. There various moments of change that music has passed through, and such moments have had some effects on the sound of popular music. One such moment was the period when live performances lost their role in music. Initially, musicians performed their music live in clubs. The loss of the role of live performances in music led to led to the split of music genres. As a result, the use of discos where music was played in clubs became common. For instance, the Beatles made rock to be the most popular concert and album of their time (Wald). The making of rock the most popular concert and music of this time had a positive effect on the sound of popular music. There was more respect for popular music, as a result of this. It should also be noted that jazz music attained a widespread respectability as well, only after it had ceased to be a mainstream pop style. This is because he artists had capitalised on technological advancements to alter the beats of popular music. Later, due to technological advancements, rock music was separated from its rhythmic and cultural roots.

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kodak and Fujifilm - Essay Example The company has been slow in responding to the digital revolution. George Eastman started commercial production of dry plates as early as 1888 in New York (Schaede, 2008). He formed Eastman Company in 1888 and later transformed it to Eastman Kodak in 1892. The first brownie Camera was introduced in 1900 while the first motion picture film was launched in 1929. The first digital camera was introduced in 1975 with the capability of capturing black and white images with a resolution of 10,000 pixels. Eastman Kodak ventured in the video market in 1984 with the Kodavision series 2000 8mm video system. In 2003, Kodak Easyshare printer dock 6000 was launched to produce borderless 4 by 6 inch prints. In 2011, the company began shopping its 1,000 digital-imaging patents and experienced a downgrading of its debt ratings. In January 2012, the company announced plans to realign its business operations in order to cut costs but later in the month it filled bankruptcy protection in order to boost cash position and stay in operations. The profits and sales of Eastman Kodak have been eroding since 1990s due to foreign competition from Fujifilm. Eastman Kodak core business is divided in to three business segments that include digital and filming systems for consumers, professionals and entertainment industry (Schaede, 2008). The second business segment is the commercial imaging group that consists of aerial, graphic, micrographic, inkjet printers, scanners and digital printing equipments that target industrial, banking and insurance markets. The third business segment is health imaging that caters for medical films, processing equipments and chemicals (Schaede, 2008). On the other hand, Fuji Photo Film Ltd was founded in 1934 and is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Fuji Film prides itself of continuous technological innovations since the company spends almost 7 percent of its sales towards research and development activities. Fuji Photo Film was established as part of the governm ent plans of establishing a local photographic film industry. Ashigara factory began operations immediately by producing photographic print papers, dry plates and photosensitive materials. The company entered the US market in 1965 and diversified to Europe the following year (Schaede, 2008). In 1983, Fuji acquired 51 percent of the shareholding of Chiyoda medical company in order to boost its medical photography and imaging business segment. In the 1990s, the company made several acquisitions and entered markets such as Hong-Kong, China and German. In 2003, an Enovation Graphic system was established in the US and acquired Arch Chemical, Inc currently known as the Fujifilm Electronics materials Co, Ltd. The company acquired Avecia inkjet limited and Problem solving concepts, Inc in order to boost imaging information systems business segment in the US. The company entered in Dubai in 2010 and also acquired endoscopy products in Turkey to boost its sales promotions. FujiFilm launched light production color system for on-demand printing in 2012. Fujifilm core business is divided in to three business segments that include imaging solutions, information solutions and documents solutions. Imaging solutions segment consists of electronic imaging, color films, color chemicals and papers, labs and photofinishing equipments. Information solutions business segments consist of medical systems, graphic systems, industrial products, optical devices and recording media (Schaede, 2008). The document

Environmental Hazards and Human Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Hazards and Human Health - Essay Example The decomposition of garbage very much involves the work of bacteria. The rate of decomposition is enhanced by the presence of leachate. As the wastes are degraded by the bacteria, gases are emitted mainly methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas whose emissions pose a threat to the environment (WeGreen-USA, 2014) The liquid that percolates or filters through the dump is referred to as Leachate. The sources of leachate would be rainwater or the liquids in the waters. Rainwater normally hit collected trash; pooling occurs and run off may ensue. The lacerate would thus become toxic since it will mix ground water (WeGreen-USA, 2014). The landfills are the most commonly used method of waste disposal. The old landfills were mainly composed of a bottom liner and a cover. The old landfills failed to adequately prevent the contamination of the environment with wastes. The leachate was not collected hence it trickled down to the ground bringing about the contamination of ground water. In addition, the wastes were exposed to the environment hence attracting pests. The decomposition of older landfills took more time since cover of the landfills was not properly structured. The modern landfill contains a leachate collecting system, a bottom liner and a cover. This minimizes the possibility of wastes escaping into the ground. The modern landfills are constructed with safeguards. The water is normally covered to avoid attracting the pests. In addition, compaction of the waste is carried out order to increase the density and stability. This means that more waste can be disposed of using the landfill method. Modern landfills are designed in ways that protect the environment from contamination. Landfills prevent hydraulic connections between the waste and the environment mainly ground water (WeGreen-USA, 2014) The old landfills were not properly structured and allowed communication with the environment. This can be attributed to the poor ground layer, the

Bobs Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Bobs Dilemma - Essay Example As the discussion stresses, employees who wanted to further their careers at the company had to work hard and keep family out of it. If Bob would take his paternity leave, his teammates would have to fill in for him, which he is afraid would create resentment. Additionally, he is worried that it will harm his career. Bob decided to take the advice of his colleagues on the issue. Mike, his married teammate, told him that the job’s structure required one to be quiet regarding family needs if one wanted to move up and talked to him about the use and abuse of the policies. Manuel, who is his best friend and single, is of the belief that those without children face discrimination. Judy, a 38-year-old single mum, was of the opinion that the uses of benefits made an individual seem less dedicated and affected their performance appraisals. Finally, Jessica, who is a recent college graduate, opined that company policy provisions are there to be used. One communication theory that appli es in this case is formal communication vs. informal communication. Communication involves sharing of information for purposes such as influencing, motivating, persuading and informing. Formal communication is distributed across an organization in an organized manner downwards flowing from executives regarding company policy and upward from the staff in the form of reports and data. This kind of information is well planned and established. Informal communication, on the other hand, works to satisfy emotional and social needs without basis on the positions that individuals hold in the organization. The most common term for it is grapevine and is considered as rumor or gossip. Information flowing through this channel can be exaggerated or deleted, causing inaccuracies. Employees use this channel when they feel vulnerable, such as in this case where Bob is searching for help on his issue by talking to colleagues.

Drug-resistant Organisms Essay Example for Free

Drug-resistant Organisms Essay By the 1960s, the discovery of antibiotic drugs and subsequent advances in their synthesis led to the conquest of most bacterial diseases, at least in developed countries. In the 1969, the Surgeon General of the United States proclaimed that it was time to close the book on infectious diseases (Krasner 29) It indeed seemed so. But today, we confront not only new infectious diseases such as AIDS, but also a resurgence of old diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria that were written off rather prematurely over a generation ago. The old diseases are back with a vengeance, sporting frightening new faces. The same bacteria that almost disappeared are now resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones all the weapons that were supposed to have vanquished them. These bacteria have evolved and pose tremendous new challenges, however man and mans technology can also steadily advance to effectively mitigate the emerging bacterial threats – only a vast new impetus to research is needed. Not too long ago, people in the Western countries tended to think of deadly infectious diseases as old-fashioned afflictions that belonged to pre-modern times (or to the present-day Third World). Since the end of the Second World War, classical sexual diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea virtually disappeared in almost all the industrialized countries (Mode, Sleeman 16). The sexual revolution in the 1970s was encouraged by the confidence that sexually transmitted diseases were merely a temporary inconvenience that penicillin could cure. And then there appeared AIDS. As if that is not enough, just when we thought at least our old enemies were gone, to our dismay we find them all staring in our face, more ferociously than ever. E. coli, staphylococci and many other pathogens are evolving in scary ways. The more researchers investigate, the more fast-changing microbes they find. As a result of this evolution, many bacteria are learning to resist more and more of the antibiotics we humans use to fight them. Drugs that have once so effectively countered many deadly are losing their power. Without the help of these once magical drugs, even people who have robust immune systems can be seriously sickened or killed by virulent germs, and people with compromised immune systems face a significant chance of dying. A bacteria can mutate any time it reproduces, and all of that bacterias offspring will bear that mutation. Because bacteria replicate so often, random genetic mutations are common, and some of those mutations create genes that arm bacteria with drug resistance. A change in even just one gene can give a new strain of bacteria the ability to fend off a given antibiotic, maybe even all of the antibiotics in a large class of drugs. Such resistance genes provide bacteria with remarkable defense mechanisms. Resistance can begin in a single person when bacteria are only partially challenged by medication. This can occur when a patient is given too low a dosage of a drug, or stops taking it when he feels better, without completing the full course of treatment. Sometime children spit out half of the medicine they are given because of the taste. These conditions allow a pathogen to develop ways to fend off the chemical warriors. Then its descendents mutate in a way that makes them more capable of surviving higher doses of the same drug. Successive generations, which can occur in a matter of days if not hours, possess an ever-growing ability to beat the medication, ultimately creating pathogens that become completely resistant to the drug. Most antibiotics are broad spectrum, meaning they attack any and all bacteria in the patients body. When a person takes an antibiotic for a staph infection, for example, the drug molecules will kill the invaders but also destroy harmless/helpful bacteria, in a situation of collateral damage. Normally, healthy bacteria occupy most of the places in the stomach and intestines guarding against harmful bacteria percolating into bloodstream. The helpful bacteria also consume a large portion of nutrients available to bacteria, thus keeping the pathogenic bacteria at bay and keeping us from getting sick more often. But after antibiotics have attacked, they become thinned out, leaving the harmful bacteria which may have randomly mutated and acquired drug resistance to be free, feed and multiply. The healthy bacteria will reestablish themselves, but the drug-resistant pathogens will settle among them in greater numbers. And they will have evolved to better resist the same antibiotic when it comes the next time. Moreover, bacteria also develop new traits by exchanging genes with one another. A staphylococcus bacteria one of the most common pathogens could be handed a new resistance gene by a different kind of resistant bacteria that happens to be close by, or by special viruses that infect bacteria and can take genes with them to their next host. Otherwise harmless bacteria inhabiting our gut or skin could become reservoirs of drug-resistance genes, passing them on to visiting pathogens. Most importantly, when an organism becomes resistant to one drug, say penicillin, it is also likely to resist related drugs such as ampicillin and amoxycillin. Finding new molecular structures of this family of drugs cannot provide any long-term advantage, because in a few years the organism will become resistant to the whole family again. An entirely new type of drug, or better, a wholly new approach to combat disease is needed — which, in practical terms, translates to massive research on unprecedented levels. Despite several obvious ominous trends for decades now, only three new classes of antibiotics oxazolidinones, streptogramins, and daptomycin have been developed in the past three decades (Galanter et al., 500). This pace of research is completely inadequate. We now face a near crisis situation. The reappearance of TB and the increase in cases of antibiotic-resistant pneumonia and meningitis leave little room for complacency in the search for new drugs, if we are to continue to enjoy our lives that are relatively free of bacterial infections. Man will be successful, as he has been since the observations of Pasteur, in finding or creating new antibiotics — if he gives his mind a vast new scope to pursue knowledge and discovery in the new millennium. References: Mode, Charles J. , Sleeman, Candace K. â€Å"Stochastic Processes in Epidemiology: HIV/AIDS, Other Infectious Diseases and Computers. † Singapore : World Scientific Publishing Co. , 2000 Galanter, Joshua Mark; Golan, David E. ; Tashjian, Armen H. â€Å"Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy† Baltimore, MD : Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2005 Krasner, Robert I. â€Å"The Microbial Challenge: Human Microbe Interactions. † Washington, DC : ASM (American Society for Microbiology) Press, 2002

Impact Of Globalisation On The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Impact Of Globalisation On The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Globalisation Process is been a universal force. Factors contributing to globalization include market, production, culture, labour, technology, environment and regulation. Globalization provides huge potential profits to companies and nations. Air travel is a large and growing industry. Economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism is been facilitated by Airline Industry. Various improvements regarding the air travel both commercial including government and private airlines have grown. Introduction of a few airlines from Boeing like Boeing 747 have increased the capacity of passengers to carry and have made it affordable for people to travel with luxury and comfort. Improvements and contribution from government has increased the development of resorts and infrastructure to attract lure tourists from the prosperous countries in Western Europe and North America. With the growth of economies of developing countries their own citizens are becoming the new international tourists of the future. The rapid growth of world trade in international direct investment has also contributed to growth in business travel. Worldwide, IATA, International Air Transport Association, forecasts international air travel to grow by an average 6.6% a year to the end of the decade and over 5% a year from 2000 to 2010. Airlines industry has been raised by up to 9% a year and is forecast to continue to grow rapidly, although the recession has hit the market in these years. The main air travel markets of the future will continue to be in and between Europe, North America and Asia in terms of total passenger. Example, Airbus and being the current upcoming airlines in commercial with new technological changes. CURRENT TRENDS: The current trends in India as well as other big players in the market based on the regulations are as follows:- The growth of the airline industry is tree having n number of branches irrespective of private or public sector. There has been 7% growth of air travel per year for both business and leisure purposes which grew strongly worldwide. The Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year. As far as the leisure market is concerned introduction of Boeing 747 made it convenient and affordable for people to travel for new and exotic destinations. Net operating revenues in the quarter were under $2 billion, a 19% increase has resulted in strong anticipated payments volume, cross border volume and process transaction growth worldwide. Down from 7.4 per cent in 2007 IATA exects a passenger Growth at 5% in 2008. The government have merged the Air India and Indian Airlines into one Airline, which will be taken over other private airlines further as per the market demand. The airlines has low stock with the public, but now that there are a host of private airlines, customers are no longer willing to do so. The result is that the flag carrier has been losing both market share and public goodwill. The investment in the private industry is increasing as these days the public sector is been dominated by the private sector. CURRENT SITUATION: Mergers: Mergers have had a great impact as far as the Indian airline industry is concerned. Mergers have either enhanced the economy growth or have reduced it. As far as Indian market is concerned mergers within the public sector have taken place where by the upcoming results are not satisfactory. Expansion: The expansion has created new options for travellers, but it has not significantly affected Airlines position. For example, Air Canada estimated that it had a 90% share of Canadian travel agency in 2001 and sales and share of 75% seat capacity in the domestic market. After Air Canada gained control of CAI, it became the sole carrier on the majority of the top 200 domestic routes. untitled.bmp Approval of major decision: Unlike the private airlines the approval of civil aviation for major decision concerning the officialdom and the other legal formalities and the well being of the industry and the things accompanying it. Private sector investment: As in many other fields like banking or insurance where government allowed private sector entry, the state-owned entity has suffered on the same scale. Firstly the labour under bureaucratic procedures has result in long-delays in operational matters like purchase of aircraft, choice of routes, and sale of bilateral. Profits jump from 40% -50% as far as sales are concerned. OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS The opportunities and threats basically imply the various opportunities that the airline industry is facing and going through whereas, the threats imply the rivalry, the new entrance and substitutes which in turn illustrates the way the progress of the industry or the business is going. Airlines and the allocation and maintenance cost. The airlines are one big industry with huge cost and investment where the allocation cost and the maintenance cost servers as the major factors for the industry. The cost as per as the price is concerned fluctuating market prices are a big threat to the airline industry as ression hits this area and the economy downfall would cut down on the financial part of the airlines to fit the things as per their budget. Like most other industries at this stage, airlines have not been immune to the global economic downfall. At the end of 2008 cargo traffic bottomed out, posting a dismal 25% may decline. Many airlines, particularly in the U.S., responded with aggressive capacity adjustments and an four quarter loss was served. The number of aircraft taken out of service exceeded the number of new aircraft delivered in the end of the year 2008. The expansion of fleets, which forced the airlines to drastically reduce capacity by cutting both flight frequencies and uneconomic routes. Adding to the weak aircraft utilization, defined as the percentage of revenue ton-miles divided into available ton-miles, resulting in disastrous fall in yield by 20%. Though 2009 contained high economies for the airline industry. International cargo traffic improved by 12% over from 2009 till present. Rising demand, shrinking capacity It includes two type of demand namely, the requirement for the flights are high by the passengers but the airlines having their flights are very less as compared to the demand. Due to the economy downfall the visa versa is happing a lot these days. The current ample space available onboard for most aircraft is quite less, though the capacity has been cut out. The market of airlines industry is expected to grow at 13%, and continue to grow at a progressive rate till 2012 as can be predicted. Regulatory pressure There is also increased awareness by industry and additional scrutiny given by FDA and other national regulatory bodies. The Regulations as per the government as to the directions and ways are still pressure and intervention from the private airlines. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND ITS EFFECT: The response of government to various issues as faced by the airlines industry and the way the it affected the economy: Strikes: The strikes have been faced a lot when it comes to the airlines industry. As per the recent records to the policies given by the government of removal of workers from jet airways in India due to the recession crisis created a strike problem. As there was over staffing of employees jet decided to remove a few employees. Being private airlines the workers could not make a change in the decision and hence ended up with a strike. Finally government took a stand and the process was stopped accordingly. Conflicts: The conflict between airlines and the airlines with the government has many aspects relating to it. As Boeing 737-800 less than two minutes after take-off crashed on May 5, 2007 in the midst of a thunderstorm, but the report said poor weather or mechanical error and the government had nothing to do with it. Kenya Airways is hence fighting against Ethiopia Airlines, Fly540 as well as South African Airlines for control of Africas airspace with safety. The government thus came forward with it and a better management of its weather forecast and other aspects were asked to take care off. Also, Sahara and Jet airways were supposedly to become rivals as Sahara wanted to take over Jet but without having any liability. Hence, the later was taken an off as the deal did not crack out. Taxes: The government imposes several taxes as far as airlines industry is concerned. The tax starts from the upbringing of these airlines in various sectors. Thus, the government has imposed passengers tax for about landing in international airports. Thus an increase in the taxes has a negative impact on the economy though nothing can be done in this context, lest the price is increased considerably. Turnover: The turnover for the airline industry has been quite a subjective matter as in the past two years the economic downfall has removed many employees from their respective jobs, though government airlines are still not under the amount of pressure as per the private ones but a cut down in a salary is the problem they face. The growth in terms of the GDP has been progressing in the airline industry. They differ from country to country. As the highest GDP forecast is for Qatar Airways, Briatin and the least for Iceland. The industry is one with huge investment and huge outcome resulting in dominating a major portion of the economic industry. gdp_growth2009.gif Mergers: The mergers that include the contract between two companies or industries under the same footnote to come and serve as one influencing the other or improving the current scenario. The government are many times in support of the mergers depending upon the situation and the outcome of the merger. Currently as far as India is concerned the merger or takeover of the government airlines by a private one is been talked about. As the situation of Air India these days is been going verse as not sufficient airplanes to carry and Boeing have certain destinations and areas as per the government rule as to where the flights can operate and others. Hence, the government will cooperate if the mergers are for the well being of the economy else it will be of no benefits for the other. Findings: The expansion of the airline industry is on hype. The growth of the airline industry is having a positive impact on the economy as they in turn are the inflow of cash for various other activities. In general for the airline industry are to be meet when a decision concerning the same is been taken into consideration. As the civil flying standards are to be meet. The current trends or recession has hit the airline industry to a less extent as compared to the others. And hence, it still serves its purpose and is least affected by the economic downfall, effect was seen only on the initial stages where a lot of flights were cut down and those relating to the less economic places had no longer flight schedules. Difficulty is faced when a new player gets into the airline industry due to huge infrastructure and much because of the government rules and policies. Once the airline industry requires huge some of investment as well as a favourable balance to carry out the rest. Private sector has been dominating the airlines and future can be seen as the private players are the market leaders and the government intervention has been quite reduced. New techniques of constant improvement as far as the technical aspect of airlines is concerned and Boeing has made a few major changes in its airlines and technology has been improved for the better. Constant updating for comfort and luxury are taking the upmost priority and the cost are been kept into the budget of the current public scenario. Highly complicated set off recruitments and processes for talking the employees have been faced as far as the private airlines are concerned and government strictness over the official commercial airlines too have maximised. Cut throat competition have been faced with in the several companies of airlines, where by options for talking over the other is been the best outcome to reduce the competition. RECOMENDATION The regulations pertaining to the airline industry are quite transparent and need less scope of improvement. The target market should soon hit the lower income groups as well though efforts are been done for the same but not internationally. As per the flights schedules, weather and other environmental factor the frequency of flights should be increased. Negotiate long-term contracts with service providers to lock-in incremental fees and surcharges as such. Evaluate the feasibility of ocean freight and for some portion of international deliveries which hold importance. Establish and develop high Quality Agreements between appropriate stakeholders Develop a Plan B which means to hit the target market and serves the industry well. Further scope of improvement from the government of motivating the online booking strategy. Government intervention should be slightly reduced and proper taxes should be charged and reviewed. Strengthen and change the impact and regulation wherever necessary.

Comparing Loss of Self in Soldiers Home, Pauls Case, and Bartleby Essa

Loss of Self in Hemingway's Soldiers Home, Cather's Paul's Case, and Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway's "Soldiers Home," Cather's "Paul's Case," and Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener" all present a loss of self. These stories prove that there is a fine line between finding one's self and losing one's self. I believe this loss can occur at any age or station of life. This idea is seen in each story's main character. Hemingway's "Soldier's Home" depicts a young man in his early twenties after his return from World War I. The young man, Krebs, has arrived home too late. Thus, he doesn't receive the adulation of the town as the others did. This first loss was the beginning of a long inward journey for Krebs. His unwillingness, then inability, to discuss his part in the war with others immediately had an effect on Krebs. He was unable to get some form of closure, something which he direly needed. Due to the extravagant stories foretold by others, Krebs was forced to lie in order to fit in. These lies bothered Krebs. They not only went against him morally, but they also started to deteriorate his feelings about the war: "A distaste for everything that had happened to him in the war set in because of the lies he had told. All the times that had been able to make him feel cool and clear inside himself when he thought of them....now lost their cool, valuable quality and then were lost themselves" (224). Earl Rovit explains this even further stating, "if he can't trust in truth of these experiences, he will then have lost everything" (255). These feelings that Krebs has are not unfamiliar. This situation is seen in a handful of other stories of the times, but Hemingway's story "delineates the desperate inc... ...: 189-194. Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case."The American Short Story. Volume II. Ed. Calvin Skaggs. New York: Dell, 1980:160-180. Decker, Timothy. "The Mechanization of a Scrivener." Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville. URL: http://www.en.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/bartleby/decker.html Hemingway, Ernest. "Soldier's Home." The American Short Story. Volume I. Ed. Calvin Skaggs. New York: Dell, 1977: 224-231. Hyzack,Greg. "The Mentally Disturbed Scrivener." Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville. URL: http://www.en.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/bartleby/hyzakbart.html Melville, Herman. "Bartleby the Scrivener." The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: St. Martin's, 1995: 513-539. Rovit, Earl. "On Ernest Hemingway and 'Soldier's Home.'" The American Short Story. Volume I. Ed. Calvin Skaggs. New York: Dell, 1977: 251-255.      

Essay --

Nicholas Edel Form V English 10 The Servant Song In William Faulkner's novel, As I Lay Dying, the flood and the fire are two important events that occur over the course of the Bundrens’ journey to bury their mother Addie. Both fire and water are used as Christian symbols as well. For example, when people are baptized they are blessed with holy water and then they are cleansed of their original sin and become a member of the Church. Fire is used in Confirmation, especially when the Holy Spirit came over the apostles and gave them â€Å"tongues of fire† on Pentecost which was the first Confirmation. People are brought into the Church through the baptismal waters and they become strengthened through the fires of Confirmation. However, fire and flood can also take a negative connotation, such as bringing along destruction with them. Things are wiped out by floods, for example the Bible story of Noah’s ark where the whole world is flooded and the world is cleansed of the evil because of it. Also, fire is the elemen t of destruction, it is uncontrollable in its nature and only brings destruction wherever it sweeps. However, for the characters Cash and Darl, the flood and the fire take on the different connotations and they both develop differently because of them. The flood and the fire play a key role in the development of Cash and Darl, where Cash becomes a Christ-like figure for the family after being reborn in the waters of the flood and Darl who takes on the role of the anti-Christ and tries to tear the family apart after his first transformation in the flood and his rebirth in the fire. Cash is like Christ to the family but he does understand his role until after his baptism in the river crossing. Cash, like Jesus, is a carpenter an... ...aken on the role of Christ and the devil respectively, and, in the end just the way Jesus wins, Cash prevails over Darl and the family buries Addie after a long journey. They both play key roles in the family’s journey and they both are greatly affected by the flood and the fire. Both are baptized into different positions at the river and there was nothing they could do to change what would occur after the river crossing. Their destinies had already been set for them and there was no way that they could change it. Then, with the fire at the barn, both achieved their final calling and both fell into what their roles truly were. Both shaped the way the family went about its time on the journey and no matter what, the family will never be the same after the flood and the fire incidences that cost both Darl and Cash something, whether it be a leg or their whole psyche.

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports :: Expository Essays

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports When women and men participate in sports dominated by the opposite gender there is often overwhelming objection to individuals defying the norm. Often women are the people who attempt to participate in so called non-traditional sports. But just as importantly, men are struggling against a similar resistance. An example of this is when men participate on field hockey teams dominated by women, creating positive and negative implications to the game and also socially. However, individuals who make the move across gender boundaries in any sport are helping pave the way for equality in a sector of our society that is still bound to traditional sex roles. Historically field hockey was introduced in the United States to women. However, the game that originated in Europe and is played virtually all over the world is also played by men. The anomaly of only women playing field hockey is just an issue in the US and has lead to the recent controversy of men participating on all female teams from elementary school to the college level. Although title IX requires that equal opportunity for participating in sports be given to both males and females, the debate on the costs and benefits of this statute is still heated. Those who oppose men participating in field hockey claim that their presence on the field will change the nature of the "women's" game. The greater strength of men could make the game more aggressive or even violent, and potentially overpower the female athletes who are participating along their side. There has been a valid and long-standing claim, stating that female participation in sports provides an arena where girls and women can become empowered and gain confidence to face life's battles. Many people see men as a threat to this value suggesting that a mans presence on the field could intimidate the women, thereby dominating the game, and taking away a safe place for girls to grow and find their own strengths. Another argument in opposition to men participating in field hockey, as well as other female dominated sports is aligned with the idea of equality. It is suggested that despite title IX, females have yet to gain gender equality and are still not given the benefits that their male counterparts receive. Therefore, male participation in the traditionally female sports would be giving men opportunities that women are still fighting for.

Information Lifecycle Management Essay

Industries and organizations thrive on â€Å"Information†. The effective use of information so that it is aligned to meet the business demands is therefore a very crucial essential. The millions of bytes of data, requires not only effective storage but processes which handle the data right from creation and disposal after it is no longer needed. Maintenance of data in a cost effective manner is therefore a very significant activity in any organization. The answer to all the above is Information Lifecycle Management (ILM). What is ILM? Technology in combination with processes and policies to effectively manage data to suit the requirements of the organization is what is the basis of Information Lifecycle Management. ILM manages the lifespan of data required by organizations. Storage medium, security, access rights and the way data will be accessed are all part of ILM activities. ILM through its dynamic process of reassessment of data, discards data which is no longer used. A tiered architecture is often used for ILM where in data which is redundant is often moved to storage media which is more cost effective. ILM is involved in the evolution of data, changes in the data over a period of time, its importance and finally disposal of obsolete data. Most organization use business applications which are data centric. Since voluminous amount data is involved many times it so happens there is not track of the amount if information available and the way it is stored. Often time is wasted in gathering the information as it is not stored in a structured manner. It ensures that data is stored in a way that is compliant with the organization policies and can be retrieved with ease. ILM also facilitates classification of data depending upon its sensitiveness and requirements by the business users. This can be done in two ways. The first is to segregate the data depending on its business use and relevance. The second is to prevent security breaches, access rights are decided keeping in mind the policies of organizations. Archiving of data is done depending on certain criteria so that it is much easier to access the next time a requirement comes up. Value of data determines the type of storage media to be used. If the data requires regular access and is the focal point of applications then such data is better stored on media which provides faster access and has effective backup and recovery mechanism. Data which is not accessed on a regular basis can be stored in less expensive storage medium. ILM alleviates the use of tools to automate routine tasks thereby reducing time and errors. ILM also focuses on reliability and relevance of data. A good example for the need of ILM would be email archiving. Communication heavily depends on email some of which are extremely important from business point of view. Old emails are stored in individual machines or network servers. A need may arise to access information from the previous email which may not be found or be available at the time it is required. Apart from this email needs to be organized in terms of its date of creation and importance of data. IT Managers in organizations are primarily concerned about cost effectiveness of the voluminous data and also security issues. Apart from this IT managers need to classify data according to organization policies and also optimize disk storage. Massive budget is allocated by organization for purchase of storage media unaware of the fact that nearly half of the existing remains un-utilized. Operation managers are always seeking high end results and want faster , reliable data access at the right time. ILM incorporates most of the features wanted by them and makes it easier to achieve an effective data storage management. It not only stresses on effective storage of information but also ensures that it is reliable and retrieval time is minimized for data that is critical and used frequently. ILM provided by Oracle is a good example of data management tool. The Oracle 11g is compatible with ILM. It uses basic steps such as definition of the data classes, tiered storage architecture, migrating policies along with compliance details. It has interactive GUI tool known as the ILM assistant. The ILM assistant informs the user when the data has become obsolete and whether the data needs to be archived or deleted. IT also provides a preview about the cost involved in executing the above said activities along with storage requirement specifications. The security measures in the ILM assistant ensure that only authenticated users are given access to the data stores. It is a definitely a cost effective tool that can be sued to manage the lifecycle of data. ILM assistant is short allows huge amount of data to be stored and available easily while keeping the cost of storage low. Conclusion Information Lifecycle management is an important aspect of data-centric organization. Depending on the requirement of the business should appropriately select the various solutions available. Large companies such as Oracle and IBM have come with ILM tools that provide them with effective data management and risk management. ILM prevents underutilization of disk space . Disorganized data can lead to huge losses and there an effective strategic approach is required.

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay

Mr. Wallace, I have concluded my interviews with your team and have a list of recommendations based on priorities. The recommendations are unbiased and not intended to be personal attacks on the current management; they are based on the sound management principles and intended to maximize your company’s potential. a. Realign the corporate structure. Begin by recruiting a new board of directors using outside directors, â€Å"executives of other firms but are not employees of the board’s corporation†1, in addition to a limited number of management directors from inside the company. This combination of three companies working as independent entities is not working, they must be integrated and a different management organizational structure must be implemented. This group will be able to accomplish the next recommendation. b. Develop a mission statement and goals. The company must embark upon strategic management planning. This will include: †¢Clearer sense of strategic vision for the firm †¢Sharper focus on what is strategically important Improved understanding of a rapidly changing environment1 The Wallace group lacks vision and goals for its divisions and this leads to a lack of direction for the management team. A mission statement â€Å"defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a company apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the company’s operations in terms of products offered and markets served†1. This business must develop a corporate wide strategic management plan to set a direction for the company and its shareholders. A part of this management planning would consist of SWOT analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. This process is often referred to as Plan – Do – Act – Check or PDAC and is a continuous process. Making a profit today is not enough; there has to be an evaluation of where the company is now, where will it be in 2, 5, & 10 years and how the company will attain those goals. c. Change the organizational chart: There needs to be an in-depth evaluation of the personnel currently in place. The current chart is one of vertical structure and should be revamped to be more horizontal. This accomplishes the goals of empowerment and coordination between the divisions. A glaring problem is the VP of the chemical division, J. Luskics, as he was the former owner that guided the company into foreclosure and appears to not be running the division efficiently now. The chemical division is not even internally competitive for the plastics or electronics divisions. Mr. Luskics should either be bought out of the company or reassigned to a position that he might be successful. There also is a redundancy among positions in the company, for example there are three directors of industrial relations, these positions should either be combined or incentivized to cooperate in the best interest of the company. d. Personnel development. There is no apparent leadership development in place and the company has relied on promoting technical staff to management positions which many are not equipped to handle. There needs to be a leadership development series initiated, leadership retreats to communicate and encourage relations amongst the teams, and perhaps some Management Assessment of Proficiency (MAP) testing to asses the current management team. Management development and succession planning must be implemented to ensure long term success. Job responsibilities need to be developed and implemented for all positions but specifically for the management team; including specific goals, budgeting, forecasting (long range planning), training, and staff satisfaction. . Communication. The lack of clear strategies, long term plans, goals and objectives has led to the recent revolt at the stockholders meeting. This is a clear indication of the frustration felt from the staff level up and the new direction of the company must be clearly communicated to all staff. Enthusiasm is contagious and the presentation of a new course for the company will be very exciting for staff. Employee surveys, sugges tion boxes and an engaging of the front line staff will do much to improve morale and spark improvements. I would like to commend you sir for creating a successful company but I do believe there are concrete steps that you can take to improve the future of this company. Mr. Wallace I believe the development of a vision will produce great results, with this vision you will attract personnel that want to be a part of a great company and profits for all involved will naturally follow. Remember â€Å"Visionary companies make some of their best moves by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and – quite literally – accident†2. I estimate that this plan of action will initially cost $1. 5 million but there will be cost savings realized in personnel reassignments, recruitment and retention, productivity, and a renewed sense of commitment that will be reflected in profits far surpassing the costs.

Being Single

Being  single doesn't necessarily mean you're available. Sometimes you have to put up a sign that says, â€Å"Do Not Disturb† on your heart. | If  you aren't happy being single you will never be happy in a relationship. Get your own life and love it first, then share it. If  you're single, focus on being a better you instead of looking for someone better than your ex. A better you will attract a better next. Being  single doesn't necessarily mean one is not wanted. In many cases it means that one knows what they want and if they can't find that someone special then they'll remain single forever because they're OK and happy with who they are and just want that someone special to complete them and take their happiness a higher level. â€Å"Being single† is a term used to describe the state of a person being single and not committed. A single person unlike a committed person is not involved in any relationship. A single person has a multitude of friends and acquaintances and enjoys his single status. Being single is a privilege for many, since they are free to live life individually, without the pressures and expectations that are often associated with a committed relationship. Life is truly an unpredictable affair and you have no idea about how it can change at any point of time. So, people some people prefer being single rather than getting committed to someone. Dealing with relationships and making them successful is not everyone’s cup of tea. Relationships require emotional investment, as well as a lot of time to make things work. So, staying single is what people prefer usually. Stephanie Mills had once remarked, â€Å"I enjoy being single, but I loved being married. †

African American Oral Tradition Essay

Modern African American Literature was formed under a stressful time for Africans, slavery. The only way the stories of the indigenous people of Africa were passed down was through oral recollections, or stories of the events. In America this was especially difficult for the slaves because of laws preventing them from learning English. By not being allowed to learn English, the slaves had to learn English solely on auditory purposes. This essentially made the slaves illiterate. When the slaves transferred the language that they heard to paper, a new style of language was formed which was referred to as dialect. Dialect is what the slaves thought they heard and the correct spelling of those words, not standard English. Dunbar, who wrote fluently in both standard English and dialect was praised by white critics only for his dialect poems, and not praised for his poems in standard English. His literacy works are still alive today, however the dialect works were attached with a stigma. Usually whites despised the African’s dialect. Therefore, the slaves would not try to publish any type of work with dialect because the slaves did not want to be associated with the stigma. In all, by creating a unique dialect gave the slaves a bilingual type of style. By not being able to write, slaves also made Genres such as, spiritual, folk songs and gospels. Songs such as these were ways of passing down stories to the next generation. These songs also contained secret messages. These messages may have contained information about escape routes or even the underground- railroad. However most of the songs were spiritual in nature. The songs also progressed through the years. The originals slave folk songs, spirituals, and gospels are now prevalent in modern day jazz and the blues. Martin even gives the example of Hayden, who mixes his song ideas with the ideas of Bessie Smith. Even though African are allowed to read and write, this is a form how their culture is still expressed today. Martin made the emphasis that the oral tradition is part of the African Americans distinct culture.

Business strategy of US Airways Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business strategy of US Airways - Case Study Example US Airways initiated a merger with American Airways which was completed in 2013. The merger is a cost leadership strategy in addition to boosting profits and strategically positioning themselves for stiff competition with other industry leaders. According to analyst (Staff, 2013), the company can benefit from $600 million cost reduction under the new deal. US Airways employed a no-frills strategy to lure cost sensitive customers. Though its West Coast flights are within the United States, it operates a full slate of European flights from its East Coast hubs. US Airways has also employed differentiation strategies in a bid to attract a certain segment of the market. US Airways has considerably few international flights but is concentrated in Charlotte, N.C., Phoenix and Philadelphia. Unlike American Airlines, US Airways has little presence in Los Angeles with only a strong presence in outlying airports such as Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach. The merger is a strategy that will make US. Airways presence in Los Angeles significantly felt hence a boost on its performance. Under the new merger, the Group president Scott Kirby indicates that they anticipate targeting corporate customers as they can spend thrice as much as leisure clients, qualifying them as a lucrative segment on the airline market (Staff,

Trademark Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trademark Act - Essay Example An example of a trademark is the Nike tick, which allows the consumer know they are buying Nike products; whilst if one buys a similar product with a picture of a puma on then the individual knows that it is a Puma product. Therefore if another producer started to sell products that had a Nike tick on then it would be a breach of the TA and this producer would be liable for this breach. The concept of trademark law is straightforward when one is dealing with two autonomous producers; however is the case of there being a breach of trademark protections in the case of parallel importing The first question to ask is what is parallel importing Parallel importing is the situation when goods originate from the same producer or set of manufacturing licensees but are sold and produced in different countries. This may lead to a disparity in price, because in say Eastern European Countries the production and sale is a lot cheaper than that of the producer's counterpart in Western Europe. Therefore one has to consider whether the domestic producer can use trademark protections to stop middlemen from buying products from the cheaper nations and import them to sell in competition against the more expensive domestic producer1. Therefore can Trademark law as Cornish argues can be used to protect trademarks in parallel exportation issues; however with much difficulty in an open market: Any intellectual property right may be used at the frontier of the higher-priced country to close off the entry of goods bought by a parallel importer in the lower-priced country, if those rights extend to the distributor's importation and are not regarded as ""exhausted" by the initial marketing abroad, i.e. by so-called ""international exhaustion". Whether the particular intellectual property law, or some other dictate of commercial policy (such as free movement of goods within the E.U.), calls for international exhaustion is a matter which legislative bodies everywhere find extraordinarily difficult to answer, and it is more often left to courts to arrive at a solution.2 Therefore introducing the question whether allowing their to be importation by a middle man who was correctly sold a product, in a country where a product has a cheaper price that that of the destination country, is in fact a breach of trademark law. This is a very difficult point of law because one could argue that yes it is because it is devaluing the product and its reputation in the country of destination, because the market values is devalued by the importation of a cheaper version of the product.3 Yet, on the other hand, on has to consider whether in fact there is a case of a trademark breach because the sale of the product was correctly done through a legitimate manufacturer of the product. If the product was bought legitimately, i.e. the product was made by an approved plant or licensee, then how could it be a breach of trademark law The following section will consider the case law in this area. In the early case of Colgate Palmolive Ltd v Markwell Finance Ltd [1989] RPC 497 it was successfully proven that parallel imports are in fact a breach of trademark law, because it devalues the product, which breaches trademark law. The way that this case argued that parallel imp

Synthesis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Synthesis Paper - Essay Example In the story, Eighner assumes the role of the dumpster diver narrates how he, together with Lizbeth went from living a comfortable life to life in the streets where their survival depended on dumpsters. This transition came after they became homeless. The main points from Eighner’s story are: Today the cost of living in cities is exorbitant. The continued rise in the cost of basic goods and services exerts a lot of pressure on low-income earners(Ehrenreich 152). In addition, unfavorable factors in their places of work add to the pains of the poor as they deal with the demands of modern life. First, low-income earners work for several hours without a break. The effect is that by the time they get home, the low-income earner is so tired they that cannot take a second job to supplement their primary income, even if such a job was available. Most low-income earners are paid poorly by their employers(Ehrenreich 152). This is partly sobecause most of them lack formal education and work as casuals. This conditions severely erodes their ability to bargain for better pay. As result, most low-income earners struggle to pay their basic bills like rent, water and electricity. This means that they cannot save for retirement. The majority of low-income earners work under harsh physical conditions. An example is a factory worker. Even though conditions of work are much better today than during the industrial revolution, for instance, the factory worker still has to endure uncomfortable conditions. Some of these conditions include poor ventilation and poorly designed lifting operations. The latter could expose the worker to back problems. Moreover, most employers do not cover their casual workers under healthcare plans. These plans take care of the treatment of an employee in the event that they suffer injury while at work. Some employers mistreat their employees by scolding them in front of their colleagues instead of correcting them

Hospitality Management Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Hospitality Management Industries - Essay Example Hospitality management is known as the oldest services provided by human beings. The industry was replacing its older ways with newer techniques and ideas slowly and gradually; however, Isadore Sharp’s ideas brought a drastic change in this industry that are: Before Isadore’s era, medium sized hotels were not that lavish and weren’t also rendering exceptional services. However, Isadore helped changing this mindset that exceptional services can only be rendered by large hotels. Therefore, since then, medium sized hotels and resorts are also trying to provide exceptional services and thus, increasing their customer base and revenue. Isadore, by his ideas of exceptional services bought another change in the industry that people should always get the same level of satisfaction from the hotel. Therefore, hotels and resorts have to keep maintaining their short term and long term strategies all over the year. Gift card is another incomparable and unique service provided by Four Season to their customer. It helps one to buy a gift card for their loved ones, which is redeemable worldwide at any Four Season hotel for overnight stay, dining experiences, spa treatment and other services that are